To carry out the research on people's internal mechanism of deciding Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) related to their health by analyzing respondents' WTP and some factors effects,a chi-square test on the investigating data shows that people's WTP regarding health is affected by both the goodwill of the hospital and the varied socioeconomic status, which can be calledinducing effectanddifferentiating effectrespectively.Through a Logit model,the direction and extent of effect of some factors,which include people's age,their knowledge about the hospital,their preference of coming to the hospital for treatment,their education status and their attitude towards risks affectthe probability of WTP,together with some issues related to the model,are discussed.
An evolving outbreak is modeled mathematically with a Bateman function of first-order pharmacokinetics. Though its biexponential dynamics are essentially the same as in the epidemic SIR model, it does not engage contact rates, base reproduction numbers, or infection-by-contact probabilities, explicitly. Instead, it assumes a virtual source of (pre)existing hidden infected and describes the phenomenon of rising numbers of cases to peak and subsequent fading-out from data recorded in epidemic surveillance. A power-ten series approximation to Bateman function fits early extinction of SARS-nCoV outbreak in Hubei Province in early 2020 tightly. The size of virtual source was estimated as twice the population of Hubei Province. Consecutively calculated ratios of accumulating occurrences and total (population) time on test are a convenient early-phase tool to monitor speed of epidemic spread for acceleration.
ABSTRACT Background: Previous studies have thoroughly investigated the prevalence and risk factors for completed suicide. In marked contrast is the lack of a better understanding of attempted suicide in the elderly. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of attempted suicide in the elderly and examine the associated factors. Methods: Using a multi-stage cluster sampling approach, a cross-sectional survey of 8,399 elderly house-dwelling residents was conducted in Shanghai, China. Results: The two-week prevalence of attempted suicide in the elderly was 0.75%. In the bivariate analysis, having no caregivers, depressive, anxiety, sad, fear, obsessive-compulsive and anger symptom, and lower scores on the Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living and the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale were significantly associated with an increased risk of attempted suicide in the elderly. In the multivariate analysis, sad and fear symptoms were significantly and independently associated with a higher risk of attempted suicide in the elderly. Conclusion: The two-week prevalence of attempted suicide in the elderly is relatively high when compared with the annualized or lifetime prevalence reported in China and foreign settings. Elderly individuals with certain mental symptoms should be targeted for suicide prevention and provided with timely mental health support.
Objectives: Disability, which has been proved to be associated with suicide and suicidal ideation, has received little attention in relation to suicidal attempts among the elderly. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of disability on attempted suicide within this demographic.Method: A multi-stage cluster sample of 8399 residents aged 60 or more was investigated from 15 communities in Shanghai, China. Disability was measured using the Lawton instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale.Results: The prevalence of attempted suicide in the elderly was 0.75%. Specific IADL disabilities, including shopping (OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.56–5.81), preparing meals (OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 2.12–8.00), housekeeping (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.01–6.06), doing laundry (OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.09–7.35), using transport (OR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.36–6.99) and medical care (OR = 4.41, 95% CI = 2.10–9.17), were significantly and independently associated with attempted suicide in the elderly. The presence of at least one such disability was associated with an almost threefold increase in the attempted suicide rate, and the presence of five or more IADL disabilities was associated with an approximate fivefold increase in the attempted suicide rate.Conclusion: Specific IADL disabilities, such as preparing meals or dealing with medical care, may be significant predictive factors for risk of suicidal attempts among the elderly. Therefore, elderly people with certain disabilities should be considered for suicide prevention interventions and should be supported in IADL as much as possible.
Abstract Background The association between ages and psychological impact of natural disasters has not been well characterized. A population-based study was conducted 15 months after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake to assess whether elderly survivors were more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general psychiatric morbidity. Methods A population-based survey of 327 survivors (152 elders, 175 younger adults) was conducted in severely affected areas by the earthquake, using a multi-stage systematic sampling design. Results Compared with the younger adult survivors, the elderly were more likely to have symptoms of PTSD (22.5% vs. 8.0%, p = 0.001) and general psychiatric morbidity (42.0% vs. 25.4%, p = 0.003). Risk factors, such as being elderly, having been in serious danger, having lost family members, and having felt guilt concerning one's death or injury were significantly associated with developing PTSD; being elderly, having family members or friends seriously injured, and having felt guilt concerning one's death or injury were significantly associated with developing general psychiatric morbidity. Utilization of mental health services is strongly associated with the decreased risk for developing both of the symptoms. Conclusion Compared with the younger adults, the elderly survivors were more likely to develop PTSD and general psychiatric morbidity. More mental health services should be distributed to the elderly and groups at particular risk, to ensure their smooth mental health reconstruction after the earthquake.
AIM: To determine quality of life improvement in choledocholithiasis patients who underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) versus open choledochotomy (OCT). METHODS:Eligible choledocholithiasis patients (n = 216) hospitalized in the Changhai Hospital between May 2010 and January 2011 were enrolled into a prospective study using cluster sampling.Patients underwent EST (n = 135) or OCT (n = 81) depending on the patient's wishes.Patients were followed-up with a field survey and by correspondence.Patients were also given the self-administered Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) to measure patient quality of life before surgery, and at two and six weeks after the procedures. RESULTS:With respect to baseline patient character-istics, the EST and OCT groups were comparable.After the procedure, gallstones were completely eliminated in all patients.Among 216 eligible patients, 191 patients (88.4%) completed all three surveys, including 118 patients who underwent EST (118/135; 87.4%) and 73 patients who underwent OCT (73/81; 90.1%).EST was associated with a significantly shorter hospital stay than OCT (8.8 ± 6.5 vs 13.9 ± 6.7 d; P < 0.001).The GIQLI score was similar between the EST and OCT groups before cholelithotomy (103.0 ± 15.4 vs 99.7 ± 10.2), but increased significantly in the EST group at two weeks (113.4 ± 12.0 vs 107.2 ± 11.2; P < 0.001) and six weeks (120.7 ± 10.6 vs 116.9 ± 7.5; P < 0.05) after the procedures.CONCLUSION: EST, compared with OCT, is associated with better postoperative quality of life in patients treated for choledocholithiasis.
On the basis of generalizing the specificity of early treatment for war wounds,the clinical path technology is applied in early treatment of war wounds.The application theme and its key element description,the basis and the methods of the clinical pathway for early treatment of war wounds are proposed,and the basic functions of the clinical pathway information system are expounded.At last,it is pointed out that early treatment has important significance in improving the cure rate for the wounded.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2012,33(6):90-91,122]
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)