Sugarcane tops silage (STS), as a source of roughage for ruminants, is rich in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content, which significantly affects silage quality. Citric acid (CA) is a low-cost natural antimicrobial agent that can inhibit undesirable microbes and improve silage quality. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of CA on the chemical composition, fermentation quality, microbial communities, and metabolic pathways of STS with high and low WSC contents before or after aerobic exposure. Fresh sugarcane tops with low-WSC [143.05 g/kg dry matter (DM)] and high-WSC (249.99 g/kg DM) contents were treated with and without CA and then ensiled for 125 days, followed by aerobic exposure for 4, 8, and 16 days. The results showed that high-WSC STS had lower crude protein (CP) content and higher DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents, whether treated with CA or not. CA-inoculated silage exhibited decreased DM loss and enterobacteria (EB) counts compared to the control. High-WSC STS treated with CA had higher WSC content and lower yeast count than those without CA inoculation. During the 0–16 days of aerobic exposure, the propionic acid and butyric acid contents in CA-inoculated silage were almost unchanged and ranged from 0 to 1 g/kg DM. Meanwhile, the ethanol content was almost unchanged and ranged from 0 to 1 g/kg DM only in low-WSC STS, irrespective of CA addition. Before aerobic exposure, CA inoculation decreased the abundances of undesirable microbes (e.g., Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 and Paecilomyces) and animal pathogens, while amino acid metabolism was lower in high-WSC STS regardless of CA treatment. After aerobic exposure, CA inoculation increased the abundance of bacteria with antibacterial effects, including Paenibacillus and Bacillus. Moreover, the metabolism of energy and nucleotides was lower in high-WSC STS treated with CA, and the animal pathogens was lower in low-WSC STS treated with CA. In conclusion, CA inoculation could be effective in decreasing nutrients loss, improving fermentation quality, inhibiting harmful microorganisms, and modulating the metabolic pathways of microorganisms in STS with high and low WSC contents prior to and after aerobic exposure.
1. Effects of dietary supplementation of spices on forage degradability, ruminal fermentation, in vivo digestibility, growth performance and nitrogen balance in Black Bengal goat M. R. Chowdhury, M. M. H. Khan, S. U. Mahfuz, M. A. Baset Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition CrossRef
Abstract The present study investigated the association between fibre degradation and the concentration of dissolved molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) in the rumen. Napier grass (NG) silage and corn stover (CS) silage were compared as forages with contrasting structures and degradation patterns. In the first experiment, CS silage had greater 48-h DM, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and acid-detergent fibre degradation, and total gas and methane (CH 4 ) volumes, and lower 48-h H 2 volume than NG silage in 48-h in vitro incubations. In the second experiment, twenty-four growing beef bulls were fed diets including 55 % (DM basis) NG or CS silages. Bulls fed the CS diet had greater DM intake (DMI), average daily gain, total-tract digestibility of OM and NDF, ruminal dissolved methane (dCH 4 ) concentration and gene copies of protozoa, methanogens, Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens , and had lower ruminal dH 2 concentration, and molar proportions of valerate and isovalerate, in comparison with those fed the NG diet. There was a negative correlation between dH 2 concentration and NDF digestibility in bulls fed the CS diet, and a lack of relationship between dH 2 concentration and NDF digestibility with the NG diet. In summary, the fibre of CS silage was more easily degraded by rumen microorganisms than that of NG silage. Increased dCH 4 concentration with the CS diet presumably led to the decreased ruminal dH 2 concentration, which may be helpful for fibre degradation and growth of fibrolytic micro-organisms in the rumen.
Eight strains of bioflocculant_producing bacteria are isolated from the activated sludge and soil samples. Their culture broths possessed the high ability to flocculate kaolin suspension in the presence of 10 g/l CaCl_2. Based on the flooculating activity, the strain LA6 is singled out, whose culture broth boasts the greatest flocculating activity after 72 hours of cultivation in the fitting medium.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the milk fatty acid, blood indicators, and rumen bacterial community of dairy water buffalo after dietary supplementation with hemp seed oil, a native vegetable oil from the "longevity village" of Bama (Guangxi, China). For this aim, we used seventeen healthy four-year-old dairy water buffalos divided into three groups, and fed them the following diets: (1) no hemp seed oil supplement (H0, n = 6), (2) a supplement of 100 g/d of hemp seed oil (H1, n = 5), and (3) a supplement of 200 g/d of hemp seed oil (H2, n = 6). The results showed that with increasing levels of hemp seed oil, the dry matter intake (DMI) decreased linearly, while milk performance remained similar across all groups. Moreover, as dietary hemp seed oil levels increased, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum increased linearly, while malondialdehyde (MDA) showed a quadratic effect, being lower in the H1 group. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in blood increased linearly with increasing dietary hemp seed oil levels. Moreover, with increasing levels of hemp seed oil supplementation, the proportions of C18 saturated (18C:0) and unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1n9t, C18:2n6c, C18:3n3, and C18:2n9c), omega-6, and omega-3 linearly increased. In addition, as dietary hemp seed oil levels increased, ruminal Paludibacter abundance decreased linearly, while ruminal Acetobacter abundance showed a quadratic effect, being highest in the H2 group. Furthermore, the uncultured ruminal bacteria with biohydrogenation potential were notably positively correlated with omega-6 (e.g., CF231 and BF311), while YRC22 and Acetobacter were notably positively correlated with omega-3. Overall, the recommendation is hemp seed oil supplementation at a level ranging from 100 g/d to 200 g/d for dairy water buffalo.
This study compared the milk protein, fat, lactose, total solids and amino acids (AA) profiles of Murrah buffalo, Nili-Ravi buffalo and crossbreed buffalo. Buffalo milk samples of Murrah (n = 25), Nili-Ravi (n = 20) and Triple-crossbred (n = 23) were collected and milk protein, fat, lactose, total solids and 17 AA profiles were determined. Milk protein and total solids contents of Murrah buffalo were higher than those of Nili-Ravi buffalo (p < .05). The average milk protein, fat, lactose and total solids contents of all buffalo samples were 4.76, 7.31, 5.19 and 18.40 g/100 g of milk, respectively. The AA composition of all three kinds of milk samples was rich in glutamic acid (0.89–0.96 g/100 g of milk) and poor in cysteine (0.01–0.02 g/100 g of milk). Leucine, lysine, valine and isoleucine were the most prevalent essential amino acids; while glutamic acid, proline, aspartic acid and serine were the most prevalent non-essential amino acids in the three kinds of milk samples. Significant differences (p < .05) were observed for concentrations of Lys, Ile, Leu, Phe, Cys and His, while the other 11 amino acids had no significant differences (p > .05). Conclusively, the milk of Murrah buffalo, Nili-Ravi buffalo and crossbreed buffalo was all rich in glutamic acid while poor in cysteine contents. After crossbreeding, the milk production of Triple-crossbred buffalo was higher than the local Chinese buffalo and its milk composition was in between those of Murrah and Nili-Ravi.
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