Effects of elemental magnesium and magnesium oxide on hydrogen, methane and volatile fatty acids production in in vitro rumen batch cultures
Rong WangHong BinMin WangBo LinJin Ping DengLi Wei TanWu Xiong LiuXuezhao SunTsegay TeklebrhanZhi Liang Tan
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Magnesium acetate
The four designed VFA infusions with different molar ratio of acetate:propionate:butyrate were used to establish final molar ratio of VFAs in the rumen of the sheep.It was found that the proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid at steady state increased with the increase of propionate in the mixture of VFAs,and the concentration of acetate was down gradually and different from un infused control group( P 0 05).The concentration of butyrate in the rumen fluid changed a little.The infused level of VFA was the equivalent of an additional 30% of ME requirement at maintenance and the study demonstrated that:①there were no differences in rumen pH,the digestibilities of DM,OM,NDF,ADF and HCF for mixed diet as well as the blood CO 2 combining power between different infused levels of VFAs.②The outputs of feces nitrogen and urine nitrogen reduced significantly( P 0 05)when the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid was elevated to 23 95%,which indicated increasing the concentration of propionate in the rumen was helpful to deposit of dietary nitrogen by animal.Therefore,keeping a proper ratio of acetate:propionate in the rumen fluid is very important,especially for feeding high level of lower quality of roughages to both steers and sheep in our country nowadays.Meanwhile,when the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid was elevated to 45%,the concentrations of both blood glucose and insulin elevated to 45%,the concentrations of blood glucose and insulin were increased significantly ( P 0 05),and both of them had a positive linear relationship with the increase of production rate of propionate in the rumen.When the ratio of insulin to glucagon was observed,it showed this ratio appeared constant in different groups,even for control group.
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提高的不稳定的丰满的酸(VFA ) 的效果集中从 pH 不同，在丁酸盐和谷的 methanogenic 降级上，率被决定。能够降级的丁酸盐或谷率的微生物引起的协会被充实从市政拒绝并且在多级式的连续文化系统的 stabilised。到每应用的酸的这些协会的回答(100 mmol l ? 1 醋酸盐， propionate，或丁酸盐) 显示降级丁酸盐并且降级 valerate 协会被 acetogenic 和减少硫酸盐的细菌的不同人口描绘，尽管有从一样被充实拒绝来源。减少细菌的硫酸盐比 methanogens 通常更产生提高的 VFA 集中。Propionate 面对能够 metabolising 的细菌支持了 methanogenesis 这丰满的酸，但是在丁酸盐氧化上有禁止的效果。在大多数情况中， 100 mmol l ? 1 醋酸盐间接地禁止了甲烷生产。沥滤，这因此被推荐吃了醋酸盐的集中，自从在垃圾堆地点的 methanogenesis 的发作可以被这些不稳定的丰满的酸，而非伴随物减小的提高的层次推迟在， propionate 应该仔细被监视沥滤吃了 pH。
Valerate
Methanosaeta
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The supply of high-concentrate diets results in the reduction in ruminal pH and the development of acidosis. Because the reduction of pH occurs at the same time as the diet is changed, the effects are confounded. For example, high-concentrate diets ferment towards propionate, and low rumen pH also results in greater propionate production. Which factor is responsible for the increase in rumen propionate? The objective of this study was to determine the effects of rumen pH and the type of diet (D) on rumen microbial fermentation, with the aim of developing simple mathematical model to describe these effects.
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Abstract The short term effects on rumen fermentation of the direct addition to the rumen of 1·5 M and 3 M of acetate, propionate and butyrate, given as the Ca 2+ , Na + , and NH + 4 salts and as the free acid were measured in a mature cow. Longer term effects of the oral addition of I·5 M of calcium and ammonium acetates were also measured in growing heifers. For all volatile fatty acids (VFA) each rate of addition consistently increased the level of VFA in rumen liquor, but these fell gradually over about 4 h. Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) were lower when free acids were given than when their salts were used. There was little effect on rumen pH. Calcium acetate was unpalatable when offered orally, and it tended to depress TVFA levels. Mean effects of acetate salts given orally on molar percentage of acetate in rumen liquor were smaller than those found by direct addition.
Volatile fatty acids
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A rumen fistulated wether was used for continuous infusion of a 2‐bromoethanesulfonic acid (BES) solution (2 g/d in 50 ml of water). The infusion was started after introduction of a pulse dose of BES (2 g) into the rumen. Immediately after introduction of the pulse dose, methane concentration in rumen gases was lowered from about 40 to less than 1%, with concomittant decreases and increases in the molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids respectively in the rumen volatile fatty acids. After 4 days of infusion however, and despite repeated pulse dosage of BES, methanogenesis adapted to BES and methane concentration in rumen gases reached 20%. Addition of BES to incubations of rumen contents with hay resulted in 'considerable inhibition of methanogenesis. Extra addition of methanol in such incubations increased both acetate and methane production, whereas addition of formate had no effect. In a second experiment using a second rumen fistulated whether, a 4 day control period was followed by 10 days of daily introduction of 11 of cattle cecal contents into the rumen. The cattle cecal contents were collected from slaughterhouse cattle, filtered and kept at — 20°C until use. Comparison of in vitro fermentation of thawed with fresh contents showed absence of methanogenesis but not of reductive acetogenesis after freezing and thawing. Evidence for the latter was sought by calculation of metabolic hydrogen recoveries from amounts of end products formed in incubations. In a similar way, evidence for induction of reductive acetogenesis was sought from incubations in vitro, carried out with rumen contents obtained before, during and after introduction of cecal contents into the rumen. No such evidence was obtained.
Acetogenesis
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Study on the Production,Absorption and Passage of Propionate in the Sheep Rumen with Indirect Method
A pulse continuous buffer solution with non labeled propionate was introduced to the rumen of the sheep to reach rumen steady state,and basal rumen propionate production rate (mmol/h) from the fermentation of dietary carbohydrate in the rumen,disappearance and passage of propionate in the rumen,disappearance of propionate in the omasum,abomasum and small intestine,and some rumen liquid phase indexes were investigated after propionate production rate was elevated by infusing different levels of non labeled propionate solution.The results indicated that basal propionic acid production rate was 22 4 mmol/h,and the pool size of propionate was 51 94 mmol which was 9 6% of propionic production per day in the sheep fed a 54% ground hay 46% corn based concentrate diet eight times a day at maintenance energy level,and some parameters for rumen steady state condition were found as follows:CV of fluid pH was 0 5%,CV of propionic concentration was 6% and CV of Co concentration of label was less then 5%.Ruminal disappearance of propionate was linearly related to its rate of production (P0 01),but the fraction of total production from 68% to 71% disappeared from the rumen when the production rate of propionic acid was elevated from 37 14 mmol/h to 145 07 mmol/h.Conversely,approximately 29%～32% passed out the rumen to the remainder parts of the stomach and intestines.It was suggested that more than 96% propionate flowed out the rumen was absorbed in the omasum and abomasum,and the remainder 4% entered into the small intestine.At the same time a series of relationship equations were established based on the data of the production rate of propionate (PROD prop ,mmol/h) in the rumen and other indexes obtained.
Omasum
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【Objective】 The research studied dynamic changes of rumen pH and VFA,serum acetate,butyrate and butyric acid concentrations.【Method】 Five healthy cows during the dry period were used to study the effects of forage to concentrate ration on dynamic change of rumen pH and VFA in rumen and serum.Cows were fed continuously in nine experiment periods with 30 d in each period except the last one with only 3 d.Dietary forage to concentrate ration were 30∶70,35∶65,40∶60,45∶55,50∶50,55∶45,60∶40,70∶30,100∶0 concentration respectively.【Result】 Rumen pH was down gradually with the increase of forage to concentrate ration and tended to be the lowest in 100:0 concentration(P0.05).Serum acetate were significantly lower(P0.05) in 50∶50 compared with 30∶70,35∶65 and 100∶0 concentration.Serum propionate and butyrate were not significantly different(P0.05).No relationship was observed between rumen acetate,butyrate and acetate,butyrate in serum(P0.05),while the relationships between rumen propionate and serum propionate reached extremely significant(P0.01).【Conclusion】 Different forages to concentrate rations have notable effects on rumen pH,VFA and propionate in serum,the cow obtained tolerance and established stable rumen ecosystem with the increase of forage to concentrate ration.
Valerate
Volatile fatty acids
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The present study aimed at investigating the effects of essential oils and their bioactive compounds (EOBC) on rumen fermentation in vivo as well as animal performance and feed efficiency in different ruminant species, using a meta-analysis approach. Ruminant species were classified into 3 classes consisting of beef cattle, dairy cattle, and small ruminants. Two datasets (i.e., rumen fermentation and animal performance) were constructed, according to the available dependent variables within each animal class, from 28 publications (34 experiments) comprising a total of 97 dietary treatments. In addition, changes in rumen fermentation parameters relative to controls (i.e., no EOBC supplementation) of all animal classes were computed. Data were statistically analyzed within each animal class to evaluate the EOBC dose effect, taking into account variations of other variables across experiments (e.g., diet, feeding duration). The dose effect of EOBC on relative changes in fermentation parameters were analyzed across all animal classes. The primary results were that EOBC at doses <0.75 g/kg diet DM acted as a potential methane inhibitor in the rumen as a result of decreased acetate to propionate ratio. These responses were more pronounced in beef cattle (methane, P = 0.001; acetate to propionate ratio, P = 0.005) than in small ruminants (methane, P = 0.068; acetate to propionate ratio, P = 0.056) and in dairy cattle (P > 0.05), respectively. The analysis of relative changes in rumen fermentation variables suggests that EOBC affected protozoa numbers (P < 0.001) but only high doses (>0.20 g/kg DM) of EOBC had an inhibitory effect on this variable whereas lower doses promoted the number. For performance data, because numbers of observations in beef cattle and small ruminants were small, only those of dairy cattle (DMI, milk yield and milk composition, and feed efficiency) were analyzed. The results revealed no effect of EOBC dose on most parameters, except increased milk protein percentage (P< 0.001) and content (P = 0.006). It appears that EOBC supplementation can enhance rumen fermentation in such a way (i.e., decreased acetate to propionate ratio) that may favor beef production. High doses of EOBC do not necessarily modify rumen fermentation or improve animal performance and feed efficiency. Furthermore, additional attention should be paid to diet composition and supplementation period when evaluating the effects of EOBC in ruminants.
Feed additive
Beef Cattle
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