Abstract Background Developing countries exhibit a high disease burden from shigellosis. Owing to the different incidences in males and females, this study aims to analyze the features involved in the transmission of shigellosis among male (subscript m ) and female (subscript f ) individuals using a newly developed sex-based model. Methods The data of reported shigellosis cases were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention in Hubei Province from 2005 to 2017. A sex-based Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious/Asymptomatic–Recovered (SEIAR) model was applied to explore the dataset, and a sex-age-based SEIAR model was applied in 2010 to explore the sex- and age-specific transmissions. Results From 2005 to 2017, 130 770 shigellosis cases (including 73 981 male and 56 789 female cases) were reported in Hubei Province. The SEIAR model exhibited a significant fitting effect with the shigellosis data ( P < 0.001). The median values of the shigellosis transmission were 2.3225 × 10 8 for SAR mm (secondary attack rate from male to male), 2.5729 × 10 8 for SAR mf , 2.7630 × 10 -8 for SAR fm , and 2.1061 × 10 -8 for SAR ff . The top five mean values of the transmission relative rate in 2010 (where the subscript 1 was defined as male and age ≤ 5 years, 2 was male and age 6 to 59 years, 3 was male and age ≥ 60 years, 4 was female and age ≤ 5 years, 5 was female and age 6 to 59 years, and 6 was male and age ≥ 60 years) were 5.76 × 10 -8 for β 61 , 5.32 × 10 -8 for β 31 , 4.01 × 10 -8 for β 34 , 7.52 × 10 -9 for β 62 , and 6.04 × 10 -9 for β 64 . Conclusions The transmissibility of shigellosis differed among male and female individuals. The transmissibility between the genders was higher than that within the genders, particularly female-to-male transmission. The most important route in children (age ≤ 5 years) was transmission from the elderly (age ≥ 60 years). Therefore, the greatest interventions should be applied in females and the elderly.
In China, the burden of shigellosis is unevenly distributed, notably across various ages and geographical areas. Shigellosis temporal trends appear to be seasonal. We should clarify seasonal warnings and regional transmission patterns.
PP-29-112 Background/Aims: Although it is well accepted that hepatitis B virus infections are the major risk factors for HCC especially in China, studies have showed that chlorinated pesticide exposure can increase the risk of carcinoma in human (Landau-Ossondo et al, 2009).We designed a case-control study to investigate the possible association between human exposure to chlorinated pesticides and HCC. Methods: A total of 100 patients and 100 healthy control subjects were personally interviewed for several HCC risk factors. The risk factors like carcinoma and chronic hepatitis of family members, hepatitis B surface antigen and chronic liver diseases are controlled, environmental factors such as drink unclear water, hair coloring, alcohol, smoking, salted vegetable, and tea are also controlled in the design. The serum samples were collected and stored under −20°C until exposure analysis. The sample preparation was modified from the US Environmental Protection Agency method (Sundberg et al, 2006) and measured by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer. Results: The primary statistic results showed that the age and sex of case and control group is nearly normal distributed and matched. Hexachlorobenzene, β-, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, aldrin, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDD are detectable in most of the samples with average levels 0.32, 2.40, 1.12, 0.14, 8.01, and 0.38 ng/mL. Conclusion: The further analysis will mine the association of pollutant levels to HCC outcome.
Abstract Background Hepatitis E, an acute zoonotic disease caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV), has a relatively high burden in developing countries. The current research model on hepatitis E mainly uses experimental animal models (such as pigs, chickens, and rabbits) to explain the transmission of HEV. Few studies have developed a multi-host and multi-route transmission dynamic model (MHMRTDM) to explore the transmission feature of HEV. Hence, this study aimed to explore its transmission and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention using the dataset of Jiangsu Province. Methods We developed a dataset comprising all reported HEV cases in Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2018. The MHMRTDM was developed according to the natural history of HEV cases among humans and pigs and the multi-transmission routes such as person-to-person, pig-to-person, and environment-to-person. We estimated the key parameter of the transmission using the principle of least root mean square to fit the curve of the MHMRTDM to the reported data. We developed models with single or combined countermeasures to assess the effectiveness of interventions, which include vaccination, shortening the infectious period, and cutting transmission routes. The indicator, total attack rate ( TAR ), was adopted to assess the effectiveness. Results From 2005 to 2018, 44 923 hepatitis E cases were reported in Jiangsu Province. The model fits the data well ( R 2 = 0.655, P < 0.001). The incidence of the disease in Jiangsu Province and its cities peaks are around March; however, transmissibility of the disease peaks in December and January. The model showed that the most effective intervention was interrupting the pig-to-person route during the incidence trough of September, thereby reducing the TAR by 98.11%, followed by vaccination (reducing the TAR by 76.25% when the vaccination coefficient is 100%) and shortening the infectious period (reducing the TAR by 50.05% when the infectious period is shortened to 15 days). Conclusions HEV could be controlled by interrupting the pig-to-person route, shortening the infectious period, and vaccination. Among these interventions, the most effective was interrupting the pig-to-person route. Graphic Abstract
Abstract Objective Shigellosis has been a heavy burden in China. However, its relative transmissibility in male and female individuals remains unclear. Method A sex-based Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious/Asymptomatic–Recovered (SEIAR) model was applied to explore the dataset of reported shigellosis cases built by Hubei Province from 2005 to 2017. Two indicators, secondary attack rate (SAR) and relative ratio of SAR between males and females, were developed to assess the relative transmissibility in males and females. Results The number of cases and reported incidences in males and females demonstrated a significant decreasing trend (Male trend: χ 2 = 11.268, P = 0.001, Female trend: χ 2 = 11.144, P = 0.001). SEIAR model had a great fitting effect with the data of shigellosis ( P < 0.001). Our simulation revealed that, when parameter β fm = 0, the greatest decrease in cases were obtained for different genders. The median value for SAR mm was 2.3225 × 10 −8 (Range: 1.7574 × 10 −8 – 3.8565 × 10 −8 ), SAR mf was 2.5729 × 10 −8 (Range: 1.3772 × 10 −8 – 3.2773 × 10 −8 ), SAR fm was 2.7630 × 10 −8 (Range: 1.8387 × 10 −8 – 4.2638 × 10 −8 ) and SAR ff was 2.1061 × 10 −8 (Range: 1.0201 × 10 −8 – 3.2140 × 10 −8 ). The median value of relative ratio calculated by SAR in mm versus (vs) mf was 0.93 (Range: 0.75 – 1.47), mm vs fm was 0.90 (Range: 0.41 – 1.81), mm vs ff was 1.07 (Range: 0.55 – 2.93), mf vs fm was 0.99 (Range: 0.32 – 1.25), mf vs ff was 1.17 (Range: 0.43 – 3.21) and ff vs fm was 0.75 (Range: 0.35 – 1.06). Conclusion Transmissibility of shigellosis is different among male and female individuals. Shigellosis seems to be more transmissible in males than in females. Author summary Shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery, is an infectious disease caused by the genus Shigella spp . Developing countries have high disease burden of shigellosis. However, its relative transmissibility in male and female individuals remains unclear. In this study, we employed a mathematical model to explore the dataset of reported shigellosis cases built by Hubei Province, China from 2005 to 2017. Two indicators, secondary attack rate (SAR) and relative ratio of SAR between males and females, were developed to assess the relative transmissibility in males and females. We found that shigellosis has medium transmissibility among male and female individuals. The disease seems to be more transmissible in males than in females.
Objective: To understand the association between peripheral leukocytes telomere length (TL) and sleep in middle-aged and old adults. Methods: A total of 176 middle-aged and old adults were investigated by using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and questionnaire. TL was measured by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The correlation and regression analysis between sleep and telomere length was performed. Results: TL had a mean T/S ratio of 0.995±0.23. There was a negative correlation between TL and age (r=-0.241, P=0.003). With increasing age, sleep quality became worse (r=-0.230, P<0.01), the time to fall asleep became longer (r=0.227, P<0.01), sleep duration was shorter (r=-0.486, P<0.01), sleep efficiency became worse (r=-0.226, P<0.01). After controlling for the effects of gender, age, marital status, income level, residence, smoking, drinking, physical exercise and disease status, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that sleep quality (β=0.057, P<0.01), time to fall asleep (β=-0.046, P<0.01), sleep duration (β=0.086, P<0.01) were independent influencing factors of telomere length, suggesting that the people who had better sleep quality, the shorter time to fall asleep, the longer sleep time would have longer telomere length. Conclusions: Sleep is a relevant factor affecting TL in middle-aged and elderly population. Good sleep may delay aging by slowing TL. We encourage to conduct health education about the importance of sleep quality in community.目的： 探索中老年人群睡眠与外周血白细胞端粒长度的关联性，为提倡健康睡眠延缓衰老提供科学依据。 方法： 使用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数调查表（PSQI）及一般情况调查表，对176名中老年人进行睡眠质量状况调查；采用荧光定量PCR法测量外周血白细胞端粒相对长度，并进行相关和回归分析。 结果： 外周血白细胞端粒平均长度为（0.995±0.23）T/S，年龄与端粒长度呈负相关（r=-0.241，P=0.003）；睡眠与年龄有关，随着年龄的增加，睡眠质量更差（r=-0.230，P<0.01）、入睡时间更长（r=0.227，P<0.01）、睡眠时间更短（r=-0.486，P<0.01）、睡眠效率更差（r=-0.226，P<0.01）；校正性别、年龄、婚姻、学历、家庭月收入、居住形式、吸烟、饮酒、体育锻炼、基础疾病因素的影响后，线性回归分析显示睡眠时间（β=0.057，P<0.01）、入睡时间（β=-0.046，P<0.01）、睡眠质量（β=0.086，P<0.01）是外周血白细胞端粒长度的独立影响因素，表明睡眠时间越长、入睡时间越短、睡眠质量越好，端粒长度越长。 结论： 睡眠是影响中老年人群端粒长度的因素，优良的睡眠可能通过减缓端粒长度的缩短延缓衰老，鼓励在社区进行健康睡眠知识的宣教活动，提高睡眠质量。.
To understand the dietary consumption of residents in Xiamen and the content of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in food, and to assess the plasticizer exposure risk of diet in Xiamen.The survey was conducted by stratified cluster random sampling method in Xiamen from September to October in 2010. According to the Xiamen administrative division, six neighborhood communities were selected as sampling units, then 25 families were randomly chosen from each sampling units.From the above 150 families, the permanent residents over the age of six were permitted to our study. The survey included 495 residents totally. These participants' information, such as basic personal information, physical activity levels, meal frequency and the average consumption of 33 kinds of food in 13 categories were collected using questionnaires. Thirteen categories included cereal and tubers, beans, vegetables, fungi and algae, fruits, dairy products, meat, seafood, eggs, snacks, beverages, cooking oil and spices. The height and weight of residents were measured and the average daily dietary intake was calculated. Thirty-three kinds of food in 13 categories were collected in supermarkets in Xiamen. According to the annual sales ranking, the top three-five brands of each kinds of food were selected and numbered, then two or three brands were chosen by random number table method from them; three completely individual packed samples in the same batch of each brand were detected; 243 samples were included in our study.100-500 g solid samples or 100-500 ml liquid samples were collected. The content of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in food were detected by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which expressed by median (minimum-maximum). The exposure dose, contribution rate and risk index of PAEs were calculated by point estimation method.According to the average daily dietary intake of residents in Xiamen, the top three ones in 13 categories of food were cereal and tubers (337.16 g/d, 18.21%), vegetables (309.12 g/d, 16.69%) and fruits (213.20 g/d, 11.51%). The content of DEP, DBP or DEHP among different categories of food was significantly different (χ² values were 58.05, 50.19 and 102.10, P < 0.01). Among 13 categories of food, seafood contained the most DEP (0.090 (0.000-0.324)mg/kg); cooking oil had the most DBP (0.700(0.000-2.980) mg/kg) and DEHP (5.115(0.000-24.160) mg/kg). DEP, DBP and DEHP exposure(0.19, 4.20, 18.10 µg × kg⁻¹ ×d ⁻¹)in dietary food in Xiamen were less than the reference dose(RfD) (800, 100, 20 µg × kg⁻¹ × d⁻¹) proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the risk indexes were 0.02%, 4.20% and 90.50%, respectively. Among 13 categories of foods, seafood was the main source of DEP dietary exposure. The exposure dose and contribution rate of DEP in seafood were 0.18 µg × kg⁻¹ × d⁻¹ and 94.74%, respectively.Vegetables were the main source of DBP and DEHP dietary exposure. The exposure dose and contribution rate of DBP and DEHP were 1.48 µg × kg⁻¹ × d⁻¹, 35.24% and 6.07 µg × kg⁻¹ × d⁻¹, 33.54%, respectively.The food consumed by residents in Xiamen was overall in a safe state, but to some extent, there still exists DEHP exposure risk in foods.
Objective To explore the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the interaction of PAH exposure and other HCC risk factors to HCC. MethodsBaseline blood samples,collected from 345 HCC cases and 961 controls,were used to determine the level of PAH-albumin adduets by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of PAH-albumin adducts on risk of HCC. ResultsThe mean level of PAH-albumin adduets was significantly higher in cases than in controls ((5.68 ±0. 72) fmol/mg albumin vs (5.46 ±0. 63) fmol/mg albumin) (u = 5.98 , P 34. 21 fmol/mg albumin) respectively (X_(trend) ~2= 15.06, P < 0. 01). There was a significant interaction between PAH-albumin adducts and HBsAg, family history of cancer and diabetes mellitus on HCC after adjusted for other risk factors,and relative excess risks due to the interaction (RERI) were 2. 50(u =3. 60 ,P < 0.01) , 0. 52 (u = 2.13 , P < 0. 05) and 0. 88 (u = 2. 26 , P < 0.05) , respectively. Conclusion PAH-albumin adduets was related with HCC, and there is a trend of HCC prevalence increasing with the content of PAH-aibumin adducts. There are interactions between PAH-albumin adducts and HBV infection, family history of cancer and diabetes mellitus on HCC.
Key words:
Aflatoxins; Polycyclic compounds; Liver neoplasms; Hepatitis B virus; Diabetes mellitus
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