LD50 determination in toxoplasma gondii infection in balb/c mice Background: LD50 is a marker of virulence which is reflects degree of microorganism pathogenicity. LD50 of every pathogens to be used should be determined in order to choose an appropiate infective dose of agent under the study. Toxoplasma gondii RH strain has been maintained in the laboratory by serial passage in mice for several years, in which the biologic and laboratory conditions might has an effect on its virulence. The objective of this study was to determine LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain used for research in Biotechnology Laboratory Gajah Mada University. Methods: The design of the study was true experiment consisting three goups of 10 female balb/c mice aged 8–10 weeks that were infected with 101, 103 and 106 of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain/mice respectively, and being followed up to day 18. Homogeneity of mice before infection were analyzed by Levence statistic, while the effects of infection was analyzed by Anova. The number of dead mice in each group were recorded and LD50 was calculated base on proportional distance. Results: There was no weight difference between groups of mice before infection. The weight increased up to day 6 in group I and II, while group III after day 3 there was weight decrease. LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii was 1.39x103 which belonged to genotype II of pathogenicity classification. Conclusions: LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii was 1.39x103 which is lower than the original RH strain, and belonged to group II of genotype, which is often reported as the major cause of human and animal infections. Keywords: LD50, Toxoplasma gondii, balb/c mice, infection. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Toxoplasma gondii di laboratorium dipelihara dengan cara pasase dari satu mencit ke mencit berikutnya, yang mungkin berpengaruh terhadap virulensinya. LD50 adalah ukuran virulensi suatu mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi, yang harus diketahui apabila akan melakukan penelitian tentang fenomena infeksi pada binatang coba. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan besar LD50 Toxoplasma gondii strain RH yang disimpan dan digunakan untuk penelitian di Laboratorium Bioteknologi UGM yang belum pernah ditentukan nilai LD50nya. Metode: Disain penelitian adalah eksperimental murni. Tiga kelompok mencit balb/c usia 6–8 minggu masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 10 mencit, diinfeksi Toxoplasma gondii strain RH secara berturut-turut tiap kelompok diinfeksi dengan 101, 103 dan 106 toksoplasma/mencit, yang diamati sampai hari ke-18. Sebelum perlakuan ketiga kelompok dilakukan tes homogenitas berat badan mencit dengan statistik Levene. Efek infeksi toksoplasma dianalisis dengan Anova, sedangkan LD50 dihitung berdasarkan jarak proporsi. Hasil: Sebelum diinfeksi Toxoplasma gondii, tidak terdapat perbedaan berat badan mencit pada 3 kelompok. Setelah diinfeksi toksoplasma sampai hari ke-6, berat badan mencit pada kelompok I dan II naik, sedangkan kelompok III pada hari ke-1 sampai hari ke-3 beratnya naik, kemudian setelah hari ke-3 beratnya turun. LD50 Toxoplasma gondii strain RH di PAU Bioteknologi UGM didapatkan sebesar 1,39x103 yang sesuai dengan genotipe II. Simpulan: LD50 Toxoplasma gondii sebesar 1,39x103 lebih rendah dari strain RH yang sebenarnya dan termasuk genotipe II yaitu yang paling sering dilaporkan sebagai penyebab infeksi pada manusia dan binatang.
This paper presents a numerical investigation into the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of a shell and tube heat exchanger (STHeX) equipped with baffles that induces swirl flow. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was created to simulate the STHeX behavior, and its accuracy was confirmed by comparing it to the Bell-Delaware method results. The two sets of calculations exhibited good agreement, validating the CFD model. The velocity component of the fluid flow was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The flow patterns of eddies on the STHeX were carefully examined and their correlation with thermal performance was investigated. This study demonstrates that the swirl flow baffle geometry leads to a more turbulent flow pattern, resulting in an increase in the overall heat transfer coefficient. The findings indicate that the swirl flow baffle enhances heat transfer performance and reduces pressure drop in comparison to a conventional STHeX.
The purpose of this research is to determine how Mirtogenol affects intraocular pressure (IOP) and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of apoptosis index in Wistar glaucoma models, as well as the relationship between IOP and RGC apoptosis index. Twelve Wistar glaucoma models were divided into two groups for experimental research with a pretest-posttest and posttest-only. The treatment group got oral administration of Mirtogenol 12.3 mg twice a day for 2 weeks, whereas the control group received a placebo in the same way. Apoptotic index and IOP were evaluated both before and after the intervention. A parametric independent t-test was used to determine the difference between groups, and a parametric paired t-test was used to determine the difference within groups. The results showed that the RGC apoptosis index in treatment groups was considerably less when compared to control groups (P < 0.001). In the treatment group, the IOP is decreased compared to the control group (mean difference: -12.67 ± 3.79 vs. 0.69 ± 4.64, respectively, P = 0.002). A significant and solid correlation was found between IOP and RGC apoptosis index (R = 0.884, P < 0.001). Thus, Mirtogenol supplementation is expected to be used to prevent glaucoma progression.
Atherosclerosis can happen easily on animal that are given high cholesterol diet. Alpha lipoic acid is universal antioxidantthat very effective to reduce free radicals, include lipid peroxide. The goal of this research was to find out the prohibitionof atherosclerosis lesion development on male mice aorta that was given high cholesterol diet by alpha lipoic acid. Thiswas an experimental laboratory research with post test only design. Eighteen adult male mice were segregated intothree groups labelled as group NaCl 0,9%, yolks and ALA.. The experiment was design for 6 weeks. The measuredparameter was atherosclerosis lesion score of groups labelled. The statistical test result showed the significant differenceof some tested groups. There was a statistically significant difference between alpha lipoic acid and yolks group (p=0,008),but there is no significant difference was found between ALA and NaCl 0,9% group (p=0,126). As the conclusion, thisstudy proves that alpha lipoic acid has the effects to prohibition of atherosclerosis lesion development on male miceaorta that are given high cholesterol diet.
Background: Dacryocistitis is an infection of lacrimal system due to blockage of Hasner valve by a membrane commonly found in infant. The management of dacryocistitis includes nasolacrimal massage and topical broad spectrum antibiotics since chloramfenicol and gentamicin are widely used in regional hospital primary health care in Indonesia, the effectiveness of the two antibiotics require an assessment. This study was conducted to compare the clinical and bacteriological effectiveness of gentamicin and chloramfenicol for infant dacryicistitis to describe the etiologic bacterial and its sensitivity pattern. Design and Method: A randomized control trial study included 46 patients divided equally into two groups. Group K received one drop chloramfenicol six times per day and group G receive one drop gentamicin six times per day. Both of groups received therapy for 14 days. Clinical evaluation was done on week I and week II. Microbiological evaluation was performed before treatment and at the end of week two. Criteria for clinical recovery were the disappearance of the sign and symptoms of dacryocistitis, while microbiologic recovery ruled out when there is no bacteria find out on secret and lacrimal system. Antibiotics eye drop was applied after digital massage on lacrimal system and clean the secret. Grams staining, bacterial culture and sensitivity test were performed in microbiology laboratory. Result: Clinical and microbiological recovery for chloramfenicol and gentamicin were 43.5% (p = 0.832) and 52.2% (p = 0.670) respectively. The most frequent bacteria on infant dacryocistitis were Staphylococcus aureus (45.7%) followed by Pseudomonas (21.7%), Enterobacter sp (17.4%), Escherichia coli (10.9%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.3%). The sensitivity of bacteria against chloramfenicol and gentamicin was Staphylococcus aureus 57.1%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 50%, Enterobacter sp 87.5%, Escherichia coli 40% and Staphylococcus epidermidis 100%. Conclusion : There is no significant different between chloramfenicol and gentamicin in dacryocistitis (Sains Medika, 3(2):105-111).
Hydrogen has become the subject of attention as an environmentally friendly and effective source in recent years. The photocatalysis method with biomass-photocatalyst is an alternative step for hydrogen production via water splitting. In this study, bamboo charcoal (BC) and Fragaria Vesca Powder (FVP) are biomass materials used to develop photocatalysts in hydrogen production. The light source for photocatalysis was a halogen lamp with a wavelength of 560 nm. The hydrogen gas produced is measured using the MQ-8 sensor which is capable of measuring hydrogen gas in 100–10,000 ppm. Hydrogen production is significantly increased with the combination of the BC and FVP photocatalysts. Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis by Image J software, BC and FVP have a negative and positive charge, respectively. The aromatic carbon ring in BC has an energy gap of 2.48 eV whereas that in FVP has a lower energy gap, 2.32 eV due to functional groups energizing electron in the FVP aromatic ring. The interaction between positive and negative charges when BC and FVP are combined generates the second lower energy gap in the combined catalyst, 1.66 eV that tends to increase electron density on the catalyst surface. The more dense electrons destabilize more hydrogen and covalent bonds in water increasing hydrogen production by 20 times from that with BC only or by 4 times from that with FVP only. When aluminum foil (AF) was added to the bottom of the reactor tube, the photocatalyst's performance was strengthened. The AF material was an 8011 aluminum alloy with a thickness of 0.02 mm and a diameter of 80 mm. AF has two important roles, that is, accelerates reduction reaction and facilitates the breaking of the hydrogen and covalent bonds in water.
This study investigated the effects of two additive polarities: polar (eugenol) and nonpolar (limonene) additives blended into n-heptane and low-octane gasoline. These compounds were chosen due to their unique molecular structure characteristics which influences the exhaust emissions. The physicochemical properties, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emissions of a single-cylinder gasoline engine were measured. Four fuel blends were created by blending eugenol and limonene on a volumetric basis, n-heptane-eugenol (NHE), n-heptane-limonene (NHL), low-octane gasoline-eugenol (GE), and low-octane gasoline-limonene (GL). Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder gasoline engine. The exhaust gas emissions were analyzed using gas chromatography, and the role of each additive substance in the formation of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), residual oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions was validated using Hyperchem simulation and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Owing to differences in the molecular structure and energy content of the two additives, the fuel consumption of NHE-fueled vehicles increased by 19.69% compared to NHL, whereas GE decreased by 32.15% compared to GL. Owing to the presence of oxygen atoms and low binding energy, blending eugenol with n-heptane and low-octane gasoline significantly reduced CO by 1.87% higher than limonene. However, eugenol's aromatic structure can only reduce 14.45% of HC emission, while limonene, with its dynamically moving electrons and nonpolar properties can reduce up to 18.24%. It was discovered that the two additives could improve the quality of exhaust gas emissions.
The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of thin capitalization and transfer pricing as a vehicle for companies to reduce their corporate tax burden. The research method used is a quantitative-explanation, with the proxy of tax avoidance is ETR. This research found that thin capitalization activities and transfer prices have a negative and significant effect on tax avoidance. This research also found that institutional ownership strengthens the effect of thin capitalization and transfer pricing on tax avoidance. This research contributes to the literature on using the PLI ratio, namely ROCE as a measurement tool for transfer pricing activity, which provides a new methodological contribution to tax avoidance research through transfer pricing activities in Indonesia's manufacturing companies. This study proves that Return On Capital Employed can be used as a transfer pricing activity measure.
World TB report from World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017 informed that Indonesia was second country with TB case. Multi Drug Resistance pulmonary infection’s case in Indonesia were 12.000. Kariadi hospital is one of tertiary hospital for pulmonary MDR-TB treatment but, there is no study about risk factor of it yet, so it needed to find risk factors of MDR-TB pulmonary infection in Kariadi hospital. Cross Sectional design using secondary data from Medical Record from January 1st - December 31, 2017 with result of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on GeneXpert sputum examination. Bivariate analysis with Chi square test and multivariate analysis was done by multiple logistic regression. The p value was considered significant if <0.05, all analyzes were 2-tailed. Totally 110 patients were obtained during periode, 55 samples for case and 55 samples for control. There were correlation between smoking habit OR = 3,1 (CI 95% 1,1-8,7), malnutrition OR = 2,9 (CI 95% 1,3-6,3), contact with patient with MDR pulmonary TB infection OR = 12,0 (CI 95% 1,5-97,3), past treatment OR = 81,7(CI 95% 23,4-285,2) and ≥6months past treatment OR = 94,5 (CI 95% 12,1-736,2. Risk factor that could influence together were contact with patient with MDR pulmonary TB infection OR = 34,5 (CI 95% 2,6-464,5), past treatment OR = 39,4 (CI 95% 8,3-186,3) and ≥ 6months past treatment OR = 12,4 (CI 95% 1,3-117,7). Risk factors for the incidence of pulmonary MDR TB infection are past contact with patient with MDR pulmonary TB infection, past treatment and ≥ 6months past treatment.
This research is a correlation survey, the title is “Analyze of Need Fulfillment And The Effect Toward Worker’s productivity In Indah Cemerlang Singosari Malang
Company”. Survey method are use to have big or small population, but a data are use from the sample take from it population. The purpose of this research is to know need fulfillment, worker’s motivation and is there any significance effect between need fulfillment with worker’s motivation. The advantages of this research are used to planning and considering the material by a leader or a manager of the company in order to solve the problem which connected with worker’s productivity. Instrument test in this research using by validity test which is size that shows the level of instrument validity and reliable. This validity test using by moment product correlation and reliability test method which is an index that showing whether measuring device is trustable, which can be used many times to measure the same objects with alpha Cronbach formula. While the device of data analyze using by the scale range and double linier regression, simple linier regression. Hypothesis test in this research is F-test and T-test, the counting result a test by using a test device like F-test which show findable and effect simultan between need fulfillment and the worker’s motivation. This result can be known from value of F-count 3,597 and F-table 2,62. And there is any effect partially between need fulfillment toward worker’s motivation. This result can be know from the value of T-count which is more big than T-table 1,699. while to know the effect partially between motivation and worker’s productivity, the result can be know from value of F-count 5,640 which is more big than F-table, so that be concluded in this research prove. That need fulfillment influential significant to worker’s productivity. The suggestion for the company is can using this result of the research as a considering material to leader of the company to give the attention and praise to under workers toward job that already done and to give the released to show the idea’s and give the good training to under worker’s.
