The biofilm problem is a problem that is commonly encountered in many areas of industry and causes serious economic losses. It is stated in the literature that biofilms can be removed from surfaces by appropriate cleaning methods. However, biofilm formation gains continuity over time. Biofilm studies are generally on bacteria. Microorganisms that cause infection in humans include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In biofilm-borne infections, there may be only one or a combination of various microorganisms. Nowadays, new searches are in progress due to the ineffectiveness of synthetic drugs against fungal diseases, their side effects, and the increase of the number of pathogenic microorganisms that are rapidly resistant to existing antifungals. Therefore, the prevention of biofilm formation is now one of the most important studies worldwide.
Salt curing is the method most commonly utilized in the leatherindustry to prevent microbial growth on raw hides/skins. Despitethis processing, a wide diversity of microorganisms belonging toDomains Bacteria and Archaea have nevertheless been observedon salted hides/skins. In order to understand whetherhalotolerant bacterial species in salt contaminate hides/skinsduring the curing process, 30 salt samples collected from 14leather factories in Corlu and Tuzla (Turkey) were examined forhalotolerant bacteria. Total counts of halotolerant bacterialnumbers, pH values and moisture contents of the salt sampleswere respectively determined between 104 CFU/g and 106 CFU/g,6.23 and 7.22, 0.90 and 5.02. All isolates were able to grow onboth Nutrient Agar Medium without NaCl and Nutrient Agaredium containing NaCl at concentrations ranging from 2 to10%. The microorganisms isolated from the samples wereidentified using phenotypic characteristics and comparativepartial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The phylogeneticanalysis, using more than 1300 base comparisons of 16S rRNAsequence data, revealed 83 halotolerant isolates that share highlysimilar identities (97.82-100%) with their closest phylogeneticrelatives. These isolates were assigned to 12 different Bacillusspecies (B. amyloliquefaciens, B.atrophaeus, B.halotolerans, B.licheniformis, B.mojavensis, B.paralicheniformis, B.pumilus,B.safensis, B.siamensis, B.subtilis, B.tequilensis, B.velezensis). Wedetected catalase and protease activities, as well as productionacid from fructose, in all Bacillus isolates. Fifty-five isolatesdemonstrated positive oxidase activities, and 50 isolates utilizedcitrate as a sole carbon source. While a fairly high percentage ofthe isolates produced acid from maltose, almost half of theisolates produced acid from myo-inositol. While 67% of the saltsamples contained 1-2 different Bacillus species, 33% of the saltsamples contained 3-4 different Bacillus species. AlthoughB.amyloliquefaciens, B.atrophaeus, B.safensis, B.siamensisspecies were detected at a few salt samples, B.paralicheniformis and B.halotolerans species were detected at more than half of thesalt samples. These results uphold the hypothesis that proteolytichalotolerant Bacillus species in the curing salts may contaminatehides/skins during curing process. Hence, we recommendsterilized salts be used in the preservation of the hides/skins toprevent economic losses in the leather industry.
In this study 200 E. coli strains were isolated and identified from 95 fecal, 96 urinary and 9 vaginal specimens. The pathogenic species isolated from feces were 61.05% of all identified E. coli strains. This percentage was 26.04% for urinary specimens. The distribution of E. coli serotypes was determined. Mostly E. coli O111 K58 B4 strain was isolated from the pathological materials such as 20% in feces, 12.5% in urine, 11.11% in vaginal secretions. The sex distribution of isolated E. coli strains from urine was 77.08% for female patients and 22.92% male patients. We can say that E. coli species which have been isolated and identified from pathological materials are susceptible to seftriaxon 73.5% and sefotaxime 72.5%, but they have been readily gaining resistance against gentamicin and nalidixic acid. Broad spectrum antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents are widely used in the treatment of E. coli infections. However medical therapy doesn't always produce good result. Because E. coli strains have been gaining resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics. So, it is suggested that the most effective antibiotic should be determined by antibiogram and used.
Mobile phones, which became indispensable in our daily lives, are likely to be colonized by microorganisms found in the hands of people using them. In this study, a total of 30 mobile phones and owner hands (30) were screened for Staphylococci and E. coli contamination in various departments at Mustafa Kemal University. For this purpose, samples were taken from the mobile phones and index fingers and thumbs of dominant hands of randomly selected 30 students studying at various departments at Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli colonization were screened in these samples, and their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials in different groups. And, oxacillin salt agar screening test was performed to detect methicillin resistance. Microplate (MP) method, Congo Red Agar (CRA) method and Standard Tube (ST) method were used to determine biofilm formation. A questionnaire about mobile phone usage habits was also applied to statistically investigate whether the colonization depends on the usage. According to our results, E. coli colonization was no found in any sample, while 31 samples were isolated as Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) and 2 samples as Staphylococcus aureus . Out of 30 samples collected from the mobile phones of the students, 53.3% was found as CoNS and 3.3% as S taphylococcus aureus . Whereas, among 30 samples collected from the hands of the students, CoNS was isolated in 50% and Staphylococcus aureus 3.3% of the samples. All 33 Staphylococci isolates were found to be susceptible to vancomycin and rifampicin, while 27% were found to be resistant to oxacilline , 36% to cefoxitin , 70% to ampicillin, 48% to tetracycline, 76% to erythromycin, 70% to penicillin, 30% to gentamicin, 30% to ampicillin- clavulanicase , 24% to ciprofloxacin, 27% to ciprofloxacin, 27% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 27% to methicillin. It was determined that 9 (27.2 %) of the 33 Staphlococci isolates was resistant to methicillin. Staphylococci were 100% biofilm producers according to the microplate method. Especially hand hygiene should be carefully provided and mobile phones should be regularly cleaned in order to prevent bacterial colonization of mobile phones, and prevention strategies should be developed in terms of public health.
Abstract Extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid‐mediated AmpC β‐lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli have been shown to be present in humans and animals representing a significant problem worldwide. This study aimed to search the presence of ESBL and/or AmpC‐producing E. coli in retail meats (chicken and beef) in Turkey. A total of 88 β‐lactamase‐producing E. coli were isolated from chicken ( n = 81/100) and beef meat ( n = 7/100) samples and their susceptibility to several antimicrobials were tested using disc diffusion method. E. coli isolates were further characterized for their phylogenetic groups. β‐Lactamase encoding ( bla TEM , bla SHV , bla OXA , bla CTX‐M , and bla AmpC ) and quinolone resistance genes ( qnrA , qnrB , qnrS , qepA , and acc(6′)‐Ib‐cr ) were also secreened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, in regard to β‐lactamase genes, 84 of 88 isolates were positive for bla CTX‐M‐1 ( n = 39), bla CTX‐M‐3 ( n = 5), bla CTX‐M‐15 ( n = 4), bla TEM‐1b ( n = 2), bla SHV‐12 ( n = 1), bla CTX‐M‐1 / bla TEM‐1b ( n = 10), bla CTX‐M‐1 / bla TEM‐1b / bla SHV‐5 ( n = 1), bla CTX‐M‐1 / bla CMY‐2 ( n = 1) and bla TEM‐1b / bla CMY‐2 ( n = 6), bla CTX‐M‐15 / bla SHV‐12 ( n = 1), bla CTX‐M‐15 / bla TEM‐1b ( n = 1), bla TEM‐1b / bla SHV‐12 ( n = 1) , and bla CMY‐2 ( n = 12) genes. Resistance to cefuroxime (75.6% and 85.7%), nalidixic acid (89% and 85.7%), tetracycline (91.4% and 100%), streptomycin (40.2% and 100%), and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (36.6% and 85.7%) was observed among strains isolated from chicken and beef, respectively. However, all isolates were found to be susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and cefepime. Resistance to ampicillin and cefoxitin was significantly linked to bla CMY‐2 gene, while there was a significant correlation between CTX‐M type ESBL and antimicrobial resistance to cefuroxime and streptomycin ( P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that raw chicken retail meats are highly contaminated with ESBL‐producing E. coli implementing a great risk to human health in Turkey.
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) have been used for over a century for many purposes including as germicides. Unique physical, chemical and biological properties of Ag NPs make them suitable for a wide range of applications in different industries and biomedical fields. Green nanobiotechnology with synthesis of NPs using biomolecules (protein, enzyme, DNA and plant extracts) have become a rapidly developing research area. Green synthesis methods have overcome the disadvantages of traditional physical and chemical synthesis approaches, such as high cost, long time scales and toxicity. In the green route, the biomolecules act as both reducing and/or stabilizing agents to produce biocompatible NPs. Promising results on antimicrobial activity of Ag NP against several pathogenic microorganisms have been reported in literature. The growth of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria could be inhibited by using Ag NP. This review mainly discusses the synthesis routes and characterization of biomolecules capped Ag NPs and their enhanced antimicrobial properties towards various human and plant pathogens.
Nosocomial and community acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most encountered infections in the world.This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility, phylogeny, and virulence genes of 153 Escherichia coli strains isolated from UTIs. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to different classes of antimicrobials was determined by the VITEK-2 automated system. Presence of virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were investigated by PCR.Regarding susceptibility to antimicrobials, ampicillin resistance was most abundant (67.3%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (50.9%); least abundant was resistance to amikacin (1.3%) and nitrofurantoin (1.3%). Multi drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 34.6% of the isolates, and all isolates were found to be susceptible to imipenem, meropenem and fosfomycine. The majority of the isolates belonged to the phylogenetic group B23 (35.9%), followed by A1 (20.9%), D1 (18.9%), D2 (12.4%), A0 (%5.9), B1 (3.9%) and B2 (1.9%). Among E. coli strains examined, 49% had iucD, 32.7% papE-F, 26.1% papC, 15% cnf2, 11.1% sfa, 7.8% cnf1, 1.3% afaE, 1.3% afaD, 1.3% hlyA, 0.7% f17a-A, 0.7% clpG and 0.7% eaeA genes.Our research demonstrated that virulence factors were distributed among different phylogroup/subgroups, which play a role in UTIs pathogenesis in humans. For this reason, complex and detailed studies are required to determine the relationship between virulence factors and specific E. coli strains that cause UTIs in humans.
The aim of this work was to determine the nasal carriage of methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) among veterinarians and veterinary students.In addition, species distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) type of the isolates were also investigated.MR-CoNS were isolated from 43.8% (39/89) of veterinarians and 44.6% (37/83) of students.While all MR-CoNS isolates were susceptible to quinopristin-dalfopristine, 64.5% of the isolates showed multiresistance.MR-CoNS strains carried single or various combinations of resistance genes.SCCmec type IV and V were the most common in MR-CoNS strains from both veterinarians and students.This study shows that the rate of nasal carriage of multi-resistant MR-CoNS carriage among veterinarians and veterinary students is high. Özet Veteriner Hekim ve Veteriner Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Nazal Metisilin Dirençli Stafilokok (MD-KNS) TaşıyıcılığıBu çalışmada veteriner hekimler (n=89) ve veteriner fakültesi öğrencileri (n=83) arasında nazal metisilin dirençli koagulaz negatif stafilokok (MD-KNS) taşıyıcılığının saptanması amaçlandı.Ayrıca, izolatların tür dağılımı, antimikrobiyal duyarlılıkları, antibiyotik direnç genleri ve stafilokokal kaset kromozom mec (SCCmec) tipleri de araştırıldı.MD-KNS veteriner hekimlerin %43,8'inden (38/89) ve öğrencilerin %44,6'sından (37/83) izole edildi.MD-KNS suşlarının tamamı kinopristin-dalfopristine duyarlı bulunurken; izolatların %64,5'ı çoğul dirençlilik gösterdi.MD-KNS suşları direnç genlerinin tek veya farklı kombinasyonlarını taşıdı.Hem veteriner hekimlerden hem de öğrencilerden izole edilen MD-KNS suşlarında SCCmec tip IV ve V en yaygın tipler olarak belirlendi.Bu çalışma, veteriner hekimler ve veteriner fakültesi öğrenciler arasında nazal çoğul dirençli MD-KNS taşıyıcılık oranının yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir.
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