Abstract INTRODUCTION: Nosocomial and community acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most encountered infections in the world. METHODS: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility, phylogeny, and virulence genes of 153 Escherichia coli strains isolated from UTIs. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates to different classes of antimicrobials was determined by the VITEK-2 automated system. Presence of virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were investigated by PCR. RESULTS: Regarding susceptibility to antimicrobials, ampicillin resistance was most abundant (67.3%), followed by amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (50.9%); least abundant was resistance to amikacin (1.3%) and nitrofurantoin (1.3%). Multi drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 34.6% of the isolates, and all isolates were found to be susceptible to imipenem, meropenem and fosfomycine. The majority of the isolates belonged to the phylogenetic group B23 (35.9%), followed by A1 (20.9%), D1 (18.9%), D2 (12.4%), A0 (%5.9), B1 (3.9%) and B2 (1.9%). Among E. coli strains examined, 49% had iucD, 32.7% papE-F, 26.1% papC, 15% cnf2, 11.1% sfa, 7.8% cnf1, 1.3% afaE, 1.3% afaD, 1.3% hlyA, 0.7% f17a-A, 0.7% clpG and 0.7% eaeA genes. CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrated that virulence factors were distributed among different phylogroup/subgroups, which play a role in UTIs pathogenesis in humans. For this reason, complex and detailed studies are required to determine the relationship between virulence factors and specific E. coli strains that cause UTIs in humans.
Materials in nano size called “nanomaterials” convey novel and enhanced properties based upon their size, shape, morphology, and component and have been intensively employed in a variety of scientific and industrial fields. Specifically, nanomaterials have been exposed to humans, plants, and animals, so toxicity of nanomaterials is a crucial issue that must be investigated and documented when exposed to living organisms. Researchers have focused on various surfactants, surface engineering strategies, and synthesis methods to create less harmful or biocompatible nanomaterials. This present review comprehensively and comparatively focuses on most rapid growth and exciting research on a variety of nanomaterials, their synthesis methods, and nanomaterial surface designing strategies.
Abstract Eighty-nine isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) of eight species from subclinical bovine mastitis were screened for the phenotypic and genotypic methicilline-resistance. In addition, all methicillin-resistant (MR) isolates indicating the mecA gene were examined by PCR for the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types were also determined by multiplex PCR. A total of 21 (23.6%) CoNS isolates were found to be resistant to oxacillin in broth microdilution assay. All isolates phenotypically resistant to oxacillin did not have the mecA gene, which was only found in 14.6% (13) of the isolates. Most MR-CoNS isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (92.3%), fusidic acid (84.6%), penicillin (76.9%), and rifampycin (61.5%), and susceptible to mupirocin (100%), tetracycline (100%), vancomycin (100%), clindamycin (92.3%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (69.2%). In conclusion, a high rate of antimicrobial resistance among MR-CoNS isolated from food producing animals emphasises the need for periodic surveillance of their resistance.
Bu çalışmada, Fumaria parviflora ve Fumaria capreolata metanol özütlerinin in vitro antioksidan aktiviteleri ile iki farklı insan hepatosellüler karsinoma (Hep3B ve HepG2) hücre hattı üzerindeki sitotoksik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Özütlerin antioksidan aktiviteleri 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radikalini süpürme ve fosfomolibdat testi ile belirlenmiştir. Hücre canlılığı ise 24, 48 ve 72 saatlik farklı özüt konsantrasyonları (25-250 µgmL-1) ile muamele sonrasında MTT testi ile belirlenmiştir. F. parviflora ve F. capreolata metanol özütleri serbest DPPH süpürme aktivitesi ve toplam antioksidan kapasitesi açısından karşılaştırıldığında, F. parviflora metanol özütü hem DPPH serbest radikalini süpürme hem de toplam antioksidan kapasitesi bakımından yüksek aktiviteye sahiptir. MTT assay sonuçları, F. capreolata metanol özütünün 24 ve 48 saatlik muameleden sonra Hep3B hücrelerinde hücre çoğalmasını önemli ölçüde artırdığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. 72 saatlik uygulama sonrası, metanol özütü Hep3B hücrelerinin çoğalmasını zamana ve konsantrasyona bağlı şekilde hafif inhibe etmiştir. F. parviflora özütü, Hep3B hücreleri üzerinde sadece 72 saatlik uygulamada yüksek sitotoksik etkiye sahipken, F. capreolata bu hücreler üzerinde önemli bir sitotoksik etki göstermemiştir.
The contaminated products of food‐producing animals have been proposed to lead the transmission of resistant bacteria to consumers. Extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Enterobacteriaceae , which were isolated from raw milk samples, were characterised using whole‐genome sequencing in this study. Three confirmed ESBL and one plasmid‐mediated AmpC β‐lactamase (pAmpC)‐producing isolate were obtained. All of the ESBL‐producing isolates showed a multidrug‐resistant (MDR) phenotype, but the pAmpC‐producing isolate was only resistant to β‐lactams. This study showed that raw milk can contain MDR bacteria that have several resistance determinants and highlighted the necessity of efficiently and routinely screening the products of food‐producing animals.
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