The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary rumen-degradable starch (RDS, g/kg of DM) to rumen-degradable protein (RDP, g/kg of DM) ratios (SPR) on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis (MCPS). Treatments were eight diets with SPR of 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6 and were formulated to be isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, and isostarch. Substrates were anaerobically incubated in sealed culture vials (100 mL) for 6, 24 or 48 h. Three incubation runs were conducted within two consecutive weeks. With the increase of the dietary SPR, the gas production (GP), in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and concentration of MCPS and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) linearly increased after 6 h of incubation (p ≤ 0.01), whereas they quadratically increased and peaked at the SPR of 2.3 after 24 and 48 h of incubation (p < 0.05). In response to dietary SPR increasing, the in vitro neutral detergent fiber disappearance (IVNDFD) quadratically increased (p < 0.01), and the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration linearly decreased (p < 0.01) after 6, 24 and 48 h of incubation. Based on the presented results, an SPR of 2.3 is recommended for formulating a diet due to its greatest IVDMD, IVNDFD, GP, TVFA and MCPS. However, as the results obtained are strictly dependent on the in vitro conditions, further in vivo studies are needed to verify our findings.
The sustained-release problems of fragrance have been studied for years. In this article, osmanthus flower fragrance/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and fragrance microcapsules were prepared by vacuum-drying method and spray-drying method respectively. The SEM and FT-IR were used to investigate the characterization. The dynamic dialysis method was adopted to analyze the release behaviors. The transport mechanism was studied by fitting experimental data to five different model equations and calculating the corresponding parameters. The results indicated that the release of inclusion complex and microcapsules conformed to Weibull Equation. The results also exhibited that the release of microcapsules was slower than inclusion complex.
A piece of baffle was introduced into conventional SBR reactor, forming a rotative flow pattern and two reaction areas. In the experiment, the influences of factor as hydraulic retention time (HRT), influent NH 3 -N concentration, and aeration mode, on the nutrient removal from municipal sewage were investigated. The results show us that when the operating period and aeration time are 6.0 h and 4.0 h, respectively, the system removal efficiency reaches optimal with the removal rate of CODCr, NH 3 -N, TN and TP of 85%, 99%, 81% and 79%, separately. There are no obvious distances among the treatment effects of decarbonization and nitrification in the imited, unlimited, and semi-limite aeration modes. The removal rate of CODCr, NH 3 -N, and TN all reach above 82%, 97%, and 80%, respectively. But only with Semi-limited aeration, we can get a satisfying removal rate of TP.
Based on the quality,quantity and intermittent discharge of rural domestic sewage,an anaerobic and local circulating oxygen-supply biofilm technology was developed and tested for its nitrogen removal performance.The available volume ratio between the anaerobic tank and the local circulating oxygen-supply tank was 1 ∶ 1.6.An aeration device was located at the bottom center of the local circulating oxygen-supply tank,which was separated by an annular splitter plate to a central aerobic zone and a peripheral anoxic zone.The inclined-tube sedimentation tank was situated between the anaerobic tank and the local circulating oxygen-supply tank.There was a water circulation tank near the effluent outlet.This system ran continuously for twelve months.The average influent was 140 L/d,and the hydraulic retention time in bio-reaction zone was 1.3 d.The average effluent concentrations of BOD5,TN,NH3-N and NO-3-N were 3.38 mg/L,11.98 mg/L,2.69 mg/L and 7.03 mg/L,respectively.NH3-N and NO-3-N were 58.7% and 22.4% of TN.The effluent quality met the first class criteria specified in the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant(GB 18918-2002).The nitrification of the system was strong,but denitrification was restricted by carbon source shortage.
Microfluidic chip is used for the biochemical analyses such as DNA sequencing and the separation of the protein or single cell. It has been shown to offer more advantages than the conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE): less reagent, miniaturization, high efficiency and sensitivity. In this paper, a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection system based on a 488nm argon ion laser and FITC fluorescent dye, is described for use with the microfluidic chip. The optical path of transmission type is adopted in our experiment. The pinhole is also applied to improve the performance of the whole detection system. There are some factors that influence the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the detection system such as objective lens, the laser intensity and the pinhole. The pinhole plays a vital role in the confocal system and its performance is discussed in detail in our paper. The experimental data are presented and explained to show the relationships of these factors.
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