Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and is often accompanied by mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The detrimental effects of T2DM and IR on the hippocampus have been extensively demonstrated. Few studies have examined the effects of IR on structure and function of hippocampal subfields in T2DM‐MCI patients. Method A total of 104 T2DM patients were recruited in this prospective study and divided into four groups (T2DM‐MCI‐higherIR, n = 17; T2DM‐MCI‐lowerIR, n = 32; T2DM‐nonMCI‐higherIR, n = 19; T2DM‐nonMCI‐lowerIR, n = 36). Structure and function MRI data were captured. Clinical variables and neuropsychological scores were determined for all participants. Hippocampal subfield volume and functional connectivity were compared among four groups. Partial correlation analysis was performed between imaging indicators, clinical variables, and neuropsychological scores in all patients. Results T2DM ‐ MCI ‐ higher IR group had the smallest volumes of bilateral hippocampal tail, right subiculum‐body, right GC ‐ ML ‐ DG ‐body, and right CA4 ‐body. IR in right hippocampal tail, right subiculum‐body, and right GC ‐ ML ‐ DG ‐body exerted main effect. Furthermore, elevated functional connectivity was found between right subiculum‐body and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right anterior cingulate–medial prefrontal cortex. Hippocampal subfield volume positively correlates with total cholesterol and triglycerides and negatively correlates with fasting insulin. Conclusion The present study found that T2DM‐MCI patients have structural and functional alterations in hippocampal subfields, and IR is a negative factor influencing the alteration of hippocampal subfields volume. These findings support the importance of IR in T2DM‐MCI patients and might be potential neuroimaging biomarkers of cerebral impairment in T2DM‐MCI patients. image
Rosacea is a common, chronic skin condition causing flushing, redness, red pimples and pus‐filled spots (pustules) on the face. It affects about 1‐20% of people worldwide. Rosacea can also cause inflammation of the eyes/eyelids (ocular rosacea) and thickening of the skin, especially the nose (rhinophyma). Although the cause of rosacea is unclear, treatments are available for this distressing disease. This review from the Netherlands, U.K. and Canada aimed to find out which treatments are effective for rosacea. The authors included data from 152 studies. For reducing redness, brimonidine and oxymetazoline worked from three up to 12 hours after being applied. For reducing pimples and pustules with topical (applied to the skin) treatments, azelaic acid, ivermectin and metronidazole were effective and safe. Ivermectin was slightly more effective than metronidazole. Minocycline foam also showed a large reduction in pimples and pustules. With oral (taken by mouth) antibiotics, tetracycline, doxycycline 40 mg or minocycline 45 mg reduced the number of pimples and pustules. Doxycycline 40 mg was likely as effective as 100 mg, with fewer side effects like diarrhoea and nausea. Oral minocycline 100 mg was as effective as doxycycline 40 mg. Azithromycin may be as effective as 100 mg doxycycline. Isotretinoin 0.25 mg/kg decreased pimples and pustules by 90%, and increased quality of life and patients’ satisfaction. Isotretinoin 0.3 mg/kg appeared to be slightly more effective than 50‐100 mg doxycycline. However, isotretinoin is known to cause serious birth defects, so pregnancy must be avoided when using it. For treating dilated blood vessels, laser therapy and intense pulsed light therapy were both effective, but these studies had limited data. In ocular rosacea, ciclosporin 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion increased quality of life and improved the amount/quality of tears, and was slightly more effective than oral doxycycline. Omega‐3 fatty acids likely improve dry eyes and tear gland function.
Abstract Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive thyroid cancer with poor prognosis. Killing cancer cells by inducing DNA damage or blockage of DNA repair is a promising strategy for chemotherapy. It is reported that aldehyde-reactive alkoxyamines can capture the AP sites, one of the most common DNA lesions, and inhibit apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1(APE1)-mediated base excision repair (BER), leading to cell death. Whether this strategy can be employed for ATC treatment is rarely investigated. The aim of this study is to exploit GSH-responsive AP site capture reagent (AP probe-net), which responses to the elevated glutathione (GSH) levels in the tumor micro-environment (TME), releasing reactive alkoxyamine to trap AP sites and block the APE1-mediated BER for targeted anti-tumor activity against ATC. In vitro experiments, including MTT andγ-H2AX assays, demonstrate their selective cytotoxicity towards ATC cells over normal thyroid cells. Flow cytometry analysis suggests that AP probe-net arrests the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induces apoptosis. Western blotting (WB) results show that the expression of apoptotic protein increased with the increased concentration of AP probe-net. Further in vivo experiments reveal that the AP probe-net has a good therapeutic effect on subcutaneous tumors of the ATC cells. In conclusion, taking advantage of the elevated GSH in TME, our study affords a new strategy for targeted chemotherapy of ATC with high selectivity and reduced adverse effects.
We aimed to compare effectiveness of Wenxin Keli (WK) and sotalol in assisting sinus rhythm (SR) restoration from paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) caused by hyperthyroidism, as well as in maintaining SR. We randomly prescribed WK (18 g tid) or sotalol (80 mg bid) to 91 or 89 patients. Since it was not ethical not to give patients antiarrhythmia drugs, no control group was set. Antithyroid drugs were given to 90 patients (45 in WK group, 45 in sotalol group); 131 I was given to 90 patients (46 in WK group, 44 in sotalol group). Three months later, SR was obtained in 83/91 or 80/89 cases from WK or sotalol groups(P=0.762). By another analysis, SR was obtained in 86/90 or 77/90 cases from 131 I or ATD groups(P=0.022). Then, we randomly assigned the successfully SR-reverted patients into three groups: WK, sotalol, and control (no antiarrhythmia drug was given) groups. After twelve-month follow-up, PAF recurrence happened in 1/54, 2/54, and 9/55 cases, respectively. Log-Rank test showed significant higher PAF recurrent rate in control patients than either treatment(P=0.06). We demonstrated the same efficacies of WK and sotalol to assist SR reversion from hyperthyroidism-caused PAF. We also showed that either drug could maintain SR in such patients.
Objective
To identify clinical features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC)according to patients' age.
Methods
Seventy-eight patients with PTMC were divided into 2 groups according to age: ≥45 years and <45 years. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.
Results
The average preoperative thyroglobulin(Tg)level in 0.05).
Conclusion
The patients with PTMCs had different clinical features according to age. Hence, clinicians should consider an individualized treatment according to age in order to achieve better therapeutic efficacy. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 31: 14-17)
Key words:
Papillary thyroid cancer; Microcarcinoma; Age; Clinical feature
Objective
To investigate the diagnostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT on Hodgkin lymphoma(HL) recurrence according to Deauville criterion.
Methods
Retrospective analysis was performed on 24 HL cases for a period of 5-27 months after treatment. These patients were clinically suspected of recurrence.
Results
of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging according to Deauville criterion, lymph node biopsies, and(or) bone marrow biopsy pathology were analyzed and compared. Results Seventeen cases of recurrence were confirmed by pathologic findings. Three cases of lymph node reactive hyperplasia, 1 case of lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node metastasis, and 3 cases without recurrence were recorded. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 100%, 50%, 85%, 100%, and 87% for 18F-FDG PET/CT on HL recurrence diagnosis.
Conclusion
18F-FDG PET/CT is of important clinical value on the diagnosis of HL recurrence according to the standard of Deauville criterion.
Key words:
Hodgkin disease; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Positron-emission tomography; Tomography, X-ray computed; Diagnosis of recurrence; Deauville criterion
Objective
To construct a model of Graves′ disease(GD) with (or) Graves′ ophthalmopathy(GO) in BALB/c mice by immunization with pcDNA3.1/TSHR289.
Methods
pcDNA3.1/TSHR289 was injected into the bilateral gastrocnemius muscle of 35 model mice and electroporation was immediately performed. 10 control mice were injected with sterile saline and electroporated, while 5 blank mice were injected with sterile saline only. Each group of mice was immunized at 1, 4, 7, and 10 weeks, respectively. Serum total T4, TSH, TSAb, and TSBAb were measured before immunization, 2 weeks after each immunization, as well as 5 and 8 weeks after the last immunization. CT scan was used to evaluate the morphological changes of the eyes of the mice.99mTcO4- imaging was used to measure the thyroid uptake function, and the pathological changes of the thyroid and orbital tissues were evaluated by HE staining.
Results
After the 2nd time immunization, the serum concentrations of TT4, TSAb and TSBAb in GD mice were significantly higher than those of control and blank groups(F=13.781, 31.435, 36.112, P<0.01, respectively). The TSH continued to be significantly lower than that of control and blank groups(F=13.966, P<0.01). After the 4th time immunizations, the ability of uptaking99mTcO4- in GD mice thyroid was significantly enhanced compared with the control group. The thyroid goiter with a large amount of lymphocyte infiltration, and the thyroid follicle was thin. CT scan of GO mice showed thickening and swelling of the extraocular muscles, and no abnormalities in tendon and muscle attachment points. HE staining showed thickening of extraocular muscle fibers, lymphocyte infiltration of extraocular muscles and orbital tissue, increased hyaluronic acid, and infiltration of fat cells.
Conclusion
GD or GO model can be successfully induced by multiple intramuscular injection of pcDNA3.1/TSHR289 in BALB/c mice.
Key words:
Graves′ disease; Graves ophthalmopathy; TSHR; Mice models; Electroporation
Objective
To analyze the stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) level and variation tendency before and after 131I therapy in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and evaluate the predictive value of sTg for the efficacy of 131I therapy.
Methods
From January 2013 to September 2016, a total of 178 PTC patients (53 males, 125 females; average age (44.1±11.4) years) without distant metastases who received 131I treatment in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=23) with residual thyroid detected by 131I whole body scan (WBS) and group 2 (n=155) without residual thyroid. Both thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and sTg were measured and defined as TSH1, sTg1 before 131I therapy, and TSH2, sTg2 after 131I therapy. Data of the two groups were compared with two-sample t test, χ2 test and Mann-Whitney u test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and diagnostic critical point (DCP) were used to evaluate the predictive value of sTg in radioiodine ablation efficacy.
Results
There were no significant differences in age (t=1.007), gender (χ2=1.419), tumor diameter (u=1 385), multifocal cancer (χ2=0.371), extrathyroidal extension (χ2=0.020) or lymph node metastasis (χ2=0.391, all P>0.05) between group 1 and group 2. The levels of sTg1 and sTg2 of group 1 were 6.3(2.0, 16.9) and 1.7(0.8, 4.2) μg/L, which were higher than those of group 2 (2.7(0.6, 6.4) and 0.3(0.2, 1.3) μg/L; u=1 118.5, 817.0, both P 0.05). The area under ROC curve, DCP, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of sTg1 were 0.686, 4.435 μg/L, 60.9%(14/23), 67.7%(105/155), 21.9% (14/64) and 92.1%(105/144), respectively. Meanwhile, the parameters of sTg2 were 0.771, 0.460 μg/L, 91.3%(21/23), 58.1%(90/155), 24.4%(21/86) and 97.8%(90/92), respectively.
Conclusions
The level of sTg could be used to predict the efficacy of 131I therapy in PTC patients. Preablative sTg1 (<4.435 μg/L) or postablative sTg2 (<0.460 μg/L) holds high negative predictive value in identifying the efficacy of single 131I therapy.
Key words:
Thyroid neoplasms; Radiotherapy; Iodine radioisotopes; Thyroglobulin
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