This study attempts to build measurement index of level of community tourism participation based on the benefit from the perspective of family after setting up probable influencing factors.Taking examples of ancient villages including Xidi,Hongcun and Nanping in South Anhui,levels of tourism participation of community and their formation mechanism are analysed.The results indicate that: 1) The differences of level of tourism participation within each ancient village and between ancient villages are owing to interactive impact between family micro-factors and community middle-factors.2) According to direct path coefficient and indirect path coefficient,we find that influencing directions of family micro-factors are the same while their influencing extents are different.This is accorded with the result of questionnair so strong interpreting power and potential application value of this method are proved.and 3) the main means of improving level of tourism participation of community and weakening its spatial difference are to give benefit to residents and strengthen the ability for getting benefit,and in this course,government should play a leading role.
Abstract Rotate vector (RV) reducers have advantages of high torque ratio, and extremely reliable functioning under dynamic load conditions, and so forth, and they are extensively used in precision transmissions, such as industrial robots. The torsional stiffness of RV reducers is a main parameter affecting the meshing vibration and transmission performance. In addition, the variable loads and tooth modifications have significant influence on the torsional stiffness of RV reducers. In this paper, a new method of calculating torsional stiffness for RV reducers considering variable loads and tooth modifications is presented. The dynamic stress and deformation of meshing teeth are calculated based on Hertz formulation, and the number of meshing teeth is determined by analyzing the dynamic stress of meshing teeth. Then, the torsional stiffness of RV reducers is obtained. Finite element method is applied to calculate the deformation of cycloidal‐pin gear in the maximum force position δ max . The influence of variable applied loads and different tooth modifications of cycloidal‐pin gear transmission on torsional stiffness are also studied. The results show that variable applied loads and different tooth modifications influence the torsional stiffness of RV reducers by changing teeth deformation and clearance, respectively.
To explore the association of β-defensin gene copy number variations (CNVs) with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).In this study, 405 unrelated Chinese Han patients with AS and 401 unrelated healthy controls were enrolled. The copy numbers of DEFB4 gene (2 fragments) were measured by AccuCopy™ methods. The association of DEFB4 gene CNVs with AS susceptibility was analyzed by chi-square and logistic regression models. Besides, P values, odds ratio, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the effects of risk.The range of DEFB4_1 CN was 0-7 and the range of DEFB4_2 CN was 1-8 both in patients and controls. P values of χ(2) trend test for the association of DEFB4_1 and DEFB4_2 with AS were 0.607 and 0.005, respectively. The results of DEFB4_2, compared with the individual having median 3 copies, those carrying ≤ 2-copies [OR = 0.68, 95%CI: (0.46, 0.99), P = 0.049; adjusted OR = 0.69, 95%CI(0.47, 1.03), P = 0.067.]; and those carrying ≥ 4-copies [OR = 0.62, 95%CI: (0.45, 0.86), P = 0.004; adjusted OR = 0.64, 95%CI: (0.46, 0.88), P = 0.006], were significantly associated with decreasing risk of AS. Univariate analysis showed that both DEFB4_1 and DEFB4_2 were associated with Bath AS Disease Activity Index or BASDAI. After adjusted by age, sex, and disease duration, the results changed little, which demonstrated that high copies may be linked with decrease in the risk of disease severity [OR = 0.71, 95%CI: (0.56, 0.90), P = 0.005; OR = 0.75, 95%CI: (0.60, 0.94), P = 0.013, respectively].The CNs of DEFB4 gene may be associated with AS and involved in disease progression.
Objective This study aims to determine whether the genetic polymorphisms of IL-12B gene is a susceptibility factor to Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in mainland Han Chinese population. Method Eight single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10045431, rs11167764, rs3212227, rs6556412, rs6556416, rs6871626, rs6887695 and rs7709212) in the IL-12B gene were genotyped by iMLDR Assay technology in 400 patients [96% (384/400) HLA-B27(+)] and 395 geographically and ethnically matched healthy controls in mainland Han Chinese population. The correlation between IL-12B genetic polymorphisms and AS activity index (BASDAI, BASFI) were tested. Results The significant difference was found in genotype distribution between AS and healthy controls (χ2 = 6.942, P-value = 0.031) of the SNP rs6871626. Furthermore, significant evidence was also detected under the recessive model for minor allele A. The AA genotype carrier had 1.830 fold risk compared with C allele carrier (with CC and AC genotypes) [OR (95% CI) = 1.830 (1.131-2.961), P-value = 0.014]. Nevertheless, the difference was no longer significant after Bonferroni correction. Subset analysis on cases with HLA-B27(+) did find the same results. Three genotypic groups (AA, CC and CA) in rs6871626 site was highly associated with the BASDAI and BASFI (P-value = 0.012 and P-value = 0.023, respectively), after adjustment for effect of age, sex, and disease duration, the P-value was 0.031 and 0.041, respectively. The AA genotype of rs6871626 was also significantly correlated with an increased BASDAI and BASFI compared to the AC and CC genotypes in AS patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that rs6871626 may be associated AS susceptibility and with disease activity (BASDAI, BASFI) in mainland Han Chinese population.
Measurement of the sample temperature in biophysics research is challenging, as the samples are commonly placed in a miniature sample chamber under a microscope. In this study, we proposed a method to measure the temperature of an aqueous solution in miniature sample chambers in a microscopic system. Existing studies show that the absorption coefficient spectrum of water shifts with temperature, especially in the near-infrared (NIR) band. We measured the absorption spectra of water with different temperatures and analyzed them, to build a mathematical model relating the temperature and the spectrum. A setup for temperature measurement in a microscopic system was designed and implemented by coupling a spectrometer and a light source to a microscope. The temperature could be calculated by the spectral data and the mathematical model while simultaneously observing the micro-image of the sample. A series of liquid samples at different temperatures were tested using the setup, and the root mean square error of the calculated temperature is less than 0.5 °C. The results demonstrate that the method based on the NIR spectrum can be used for noncontact and quick measurement of the liquid sample temperature in a microscopic system.
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