Tumor xenograft animal models play a crucial role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) research. Mice xenograft models are time consuming, laborious and expensive while zebrafish tumor xenograft models are cost-effective and effortless. However, the development of orthotopic xenograft models for HCC in zebrafish embryos has been challenging due to the small size of zebrafish livers. In this study, we utilized 7-day-old goldfish embryos as hosts and successfully established an orthotopic xenograft model of HCC in goldfish livers. Through injecting fluorescence labeled HCC cells into the liver of goldfish, we could visualize the proliferation and migration of tumor cells in vivo. In addition, we found that the temperature of 36 °C was better for tumor cell survival in goldfish larvae compared to 28 °C, assessed by EdU and TUNEL assays. Moreover, macrophage infiltration in the goldfish liver could be evaluated by neutral red staining. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of the targeted therapy drug Sorafenib and the traditional Chinese medicine, Huaier granules, alone or in combination in the goldfish HCC orthotopic xenograft model. We found that the combination therapy showed the best efficacy against HCC cells in terms of macrophage infiltration, polarization as well as tumor cells proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis. In conclusion, the proposed goldfish HCC orthotopic xenograft model opens new avenues for HCC related research, including evaluation of tumor progression, cell interactions in the immune microenvironment, drug efficacy, and screening of anti-tumor drugs.
Objective To observe the choroidal thickness and its relationship with age and refraction status in Chinese population. Methods180 healthy volunteers (360 eyes) were enrolled in this study.Based on the age, the volunteers were divided into A (20-29 years old), B (30-39 year old), C (40-49 years old), D (50-59 year old), E (60-69 year old), and F (70-85 year old) group, with 33, 31, 29, 30, 31, 26volunteers respectively. And the volunteers were divided into ＜60 years old group with 123 volunteers and ≥ 60 years old group with 57 volunteers. Enhanced depth imaging (EDI) choroidal scans were obtained in all eyes by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) and CT at 1 mm/3 mm temporal, nasal, superior, inferior to the fovea (S1 mm, I1 mm, T1 mm, N1 mm, S3 mm, I3 mm,T3mm, N3 mm) were measured. The differences of CT between different quadrants, genders, eyes and ages were comparatively analyzed. The correlations between age, refraction status and CT in the volunteers of ＜60 years old and ≥ 60 years old group were analyzed. Results The subfoveal CT was (262.78 ± 84.38)μm. The differences were significant between subfoveal CT and all the quadrants CT (P＜0. 05) except for S1 mm and T1mm(P＞0. 05). There was no difference between genders or eyes in subfoveal CT (P＞0. 05).There was no difference between A, B, C, D group in subfoveal CT (P＞0.05). The subfoveal CT of E and F group were thinner than A, B, C, D group (P＜0.05). In the ＜60 years old group, there was a positive correlation between refraction status and CT (r=0. 147, P＜0.05) ; but no correlation between age and CT (r=-0. 055, P＞0. 05). In the ≥ 60 years old group, there was a significant negative correlation between CT and age (r=-0. 543, P＜0. 05), but no correlation between refraction status and CT (r =-0. 008,P＞0.05). Conclusions The average subfoveal CT in Chinese population was (262.78±84.38) μm. The refraction status is the main influence factors in subjects ＜60 years old, while the age is the main influence factors in subjects ≥60 years old.
Key words:
Macula lutea/ physiology; Choroid; Refractive errors; Tomography, optical coherence
To observe the choroidal thickness in eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC) after half-dose photodynamic therapy(PDT).Case series study. Consecutive 30 patients (35 eyes) with chronic CSC admitted from October 2010 to October 2011 in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center were recruited in this study. Optical coherence tomography(OCT),fundus fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were performed in each patient to confirm the diagnosis. ICGA-guided PDT was performed in each patient. Choroidal thickness at subfoveal and 1500 µm superior, inferior, nasal and temporal to the fovea were measured before PDT, 1, 3 and 6 months after PDT using enhanced depth imaging OCT. Data were analyzed with one-way repeated measures ANOVA and LSD-t test when pairwise comparison was needed.Thirty patients, aged from 33 to 66 years old, including 26 males and 4 females (gender ratio 6.5: 1) were recruited. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in chronic CSC eyes was (435.54 ± 102.91) µm at baseline,which decreased significantly to (373.63 ± 106.01) µm, (360.69 ± 111.06) µm and (369.00 ± 108.12) µm at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after PDT respectively (F = 108.34, P < 0.01). At 6 months after PDT, SFCT was slightly thicker than that at the 3(rd) month,but no statistical significance was noted (LSD-t test: P > 0.05). The changing trends of choroidal thickness at the other 4 measuring points were similar to that of the SFCT.Choroidal thickness is reduced within 6 months post PDT in chronic CSC eyes.
Modern decoration materials are divided into two parts: outdoor decoration materials and interior decoration materials.The categories and applications of decorative materials are different because of the different indoor and outdoor environment, function and demand.This article mainly emphasizes the role and application of interior decoration materials.In interior design, designers must fully understand the status of decoration materials in interior design, function orientation, artistic characteristics and development prospects, and then, the use of decorative materials can be more efficient, to meet user demand for the basic function of indoor environment, and also to meet the yearning and pursuit for a better life of people in present stage.
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