The green and sustainable production of lactic acid via photocatalytic conversion of biomass-derived sugars is highly significant owing to its enhanced efficiency and reduced energy requirements. Consequently, the investigation has engineered a metal-free photocatalyst (NCDs/CCN), consisting of N-doped carbon dots (NCDs) and ultrathin carbon nitride (CCN). This catalyst has an enhanced light absorption range, facilitating a marked acceleration in the separation rate of photogenerated carriers. It has demonstrated the capability to achieve a lactic acid yield of up to 87.6% in just 90 min with a mere 20 mg catalyst concentration in a xylose-alkali system. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments indicate that superoxide radicals (·O2-) are the primary oxidizing active species in the photocatalytic system, followed by h+, ·OH, and 1O2. DFT analysis suggests nitrogen doping enhances interaction with xylose, lowering adsorption energy and accelerating lactic acid generation, thus improving economic feasibility and sustainability.
Objective: To explore the method of extracting chaperone antigen peptide complexes from gastric cancer stem cells and its immune function. Methods: Gastric cancer stem cells and gastric cancer cells were screened by low temperature ultrasonic lysis. After salting out and dialysis, the lysate supernatant was processed with SDS-PAGE to analyze the expression of chaperone antigen peptide complexes, and then was separated and purified with CNBr-activated SepharoseTM 4B. Reverse high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were used to analyze the purity and nature of the acquired albumen. Lymphocyte proliferation assay and lymphocytotoxicity assay were used to ditermine the immunological activity of the chaperone-antigen peptide complexes. Results: The chaperone antigen peptide complexes of gastric cancer stem cells were prepared and identified successfully, of which the main components were the antigen peptides of HSP60, HSP70, HSP90 and HSP110. 0.75 μg and 1.00 μg HSP70-antigen peptide and 1.00 μg HSP90-antigen peptide activated lymphocytes significantly. Their A(490) values were 0.26±0.03, 0.45±0.05 and 0.32±0.04, respectively, while the corresponding doses of HSP60-antigen peptide and HSP110-antigen peptide did not activate lymphocytes. The killing rates of 1.00 μg HSP70-antigen peptide and 1.00 μg HSP70 were (45.0±2.0)% and (16.0±2.0)%, respectively, showing a significant difference (P=0.012). Similarly, the killing rates of 1.00 μg HSP90-antigen peptide and 1.00 μg HSP90 were (36.0±5.0)% and (13.0±4.0)%, respectively, also showing a significant difference (P=0.048). Conclusions: The amount of chaperone antigen peptide complexes in gastric cancer cells is extremely low, but it is obviously increased in gastric cancer stem cells. After purification, the chaperone antigen peptide complexes with high purity can be prepared. The extracted chaperone antigen peptide complexes have stronger immunogenicity, and can be used to make tumor vaccine in vitro, which may have a good application value in the targeted therapy of gastric cancer.目的： 探讨从胃癌干细胞中提取伴侣分子－抗原肽的方法及其免疫功能。 方法： 低温超声裂解筛选胃癌干细胞和胃癌细胞，经盐析粗提蛋白及透析后，采用十二烷基硫酸钠－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS－PAGE)分析伴侣分子－抗原肽表达量，采用溴化氰活化琼脂糖凝胶4B亲和层析分离、纯化伴侣分子－抗原肽，采用反向高压液相色谱、SDS－PAGE和Western blot法进行蛋白纯度分析，采用淋巴细胞增殖实验和细胞毒活性实验检测伴侣分子－抗原肽的免疫活性。 结果： 成功制备并鉴定胃癌干细胞的伴侣分子－抗原肽，主要组分为HSP60－抗原肽、HSP70－抗原肽、HSP90－抗原肽和HSP110－抗原肽。0.75 μg HSP70－抗原肽、1.00 μg HSP70－抗原肽和1.00 μg HSP90－抗原肽对淋巴细胞有明显的增殖作用，其A(490)值分别为0.26±0.03、0.45±0.05和0.32±0.04，而相应剂量的HSP60－抗原肽和HSP110－抗原肽不能激活淋巴细胞。1.00 μg HSP70－抗原肽组和1.00 μg HSP70组的细胞杀伤率分别为(45.0±2.0)%和(16.0±2.0)%, 差异有统计学意义(P＝0.012)。1.00 μg HSP90－抗原肽组和1.00 μg HSP90组的细胞杀伤率分别为(36.0±5.0)%和(13.0±4.0)%，差异有统计学意义(P＝0.048)。 结论： 胃癌细胞中伴侣分子－抗原肽含量极低，而胃癌干细胞中伴侣分子－抗原肽含量明显增多，经提纯后可制备纯度较高的伴侣分子－抗原肽。提取的伴侣分子－抗原肽具有较强的免疫原性，可在体外制作瘤苗，可能在胃癌靶向治疗上有较好的应用价值。.
Phyllanthus emblica is a natural medicinal herb with diverse bioactivities. Certain extracts from this herb have been confirmed to possess anti-glycolipid metabolic disorder activity. To further develop its utility value and explore its potential in combating glycolipid metabolic disorders, we designed a series of experiments to investigate the structure, antioxidant activity, and anti-glycolipid metabolic disorder activity of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides. In this study, we extracted and purified polysaccharides from Phyllanthus emblica and thoroughly analyzed their structure using various techniques, including NMR, methylation analysis, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We investigated the hypolipidemic and anti-glycolipid metabolism disorder activity of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides for the first time utilizing oleic acid (OA) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) as inducers. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides was assessed in vitro. These findings lay the groundwork for future investigations into the potential application of Phyllanthus emblica polysaccharides as an intervention for preventing and treating diabetes.
Symmetry-protected topological phases cannot be described by any local order parameter and are beyond the conventional symmetry-breaking paradigm for understanding quantum matter. They are characterized by topological boundary states robust against perturbations that respect the protecting symmetry. In a clean system without disorder, these edge modes typically only occur for the ground states of systems with a bulk energy gap and would not survive at finite temperatures due to mobile thermal excitations. Here, we report the observation of a distinct type of topological edge modes, which are protected by emergent symmetries and persist even up to infinite temperature, with an array of 100 programmable superconducting qubits. In particular, through digital quantum simulation of the dynamics of a one-dimensional disorder-free "cluster" Hamiltonian, we observe robust long-lived topological edge modes over up to 30 cycles at a wide range of temperatures. By monitoring the propagation of thermal excitations, we show that despite the free mobility of these excitations, their interactions with the edge modes are substantially suppressed in the dimerized regime due to an emergent U(1)$\times$U(1) symmetry, resulting in an unusually prolonged lifetime of the topological edge modes even at infinite temperature. In addition, we exploit these topological edge modes as logical qubits and prepare a logical Bell state, which exhibits persistent coherence in the dimerized and off-resonant regime, despite the system being disorder-free and far from its ground state. Our results establish a viable digital simulation approach to experimentally exploring a variety of finite-temperature topological phases and demonstrate a potential route to construct long-lived robust boundary qubits that survive to infinite temperature in disorder-free systems.
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