This investigation involved the formation and evolution of NO, HCN and NH 3 during coal gasification. Since HCN and NH 3 are the precursors of NO X , their summation are considered to show the characteristics of the precursors in this paper. The experiments were carried out in TGA with 25°C/min at atmospheric pressure. The releasing characteristics of the coal gasification species were inspected by the FTIR online instruments. The influence of coal particle size and gasification agents on the releasing characteristics of N-containing compounds was discussed. Results showed that small particle size was beneficial to form more HCN and NH 3 during coal gasification in CO 2 , but not to NO; the higher concentration of CO 2 could improve the shift reaction and consume NH 3 and HCN faster; high temperature could increase the consecutive reaction velocity fast and make the consumed amount of NO exceeding the formation amount.
The predecessor of China Optics was China Optics and Applied Optics Digest, which was founded in 1985. At that time, it was the only retrieval journal in the field of optics in China. At the end of 2008, China Optics and Applied Optics Digest was renamed
In order to reveal the changing rule of coal structure during coal gasification,the Yanzhou semi-cokes were made in tube furnace at 300～1 000 ℃,and the infrared spectrums were monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at different gasification conditions,to analyze the surface functional groups of Yanzhou coal.It was found that limited aliphatic structure in coal lead to small hydrocarbon capacity during coal gasification at low temperature,but the synergy of aromatic structure cracking and condensation could increase the hydrogen-enriched degree of semi-cokes at high temperature;aliphatic structure and aromatic structure are affected little at low temperature,and the original aliphatic structure break off firstly with temperature increasing,while at high temperature,aromatic structure begin to crack to aliphatic structure and to break off gradually;CO2 participating in gasification,intervening C=O group of phenols,ethers,alcohols and esters,could influence the total-oxygen-enriched efficiency of semi-cokes.
Purpose – This paper is devoted to disclosing urgent macroeconomic trade issues taking into consideration the case of China and the United States of America. Methodology – The primary research methodology of this paper is based on conducting the comparative analysis of existing patterns of macroeconomic development, political differences and social issues within China and the U.S. The given analysis is based on PEST, SWOT, Risk identification techniques as well as the diamond model by M. Porter detecting competitive advantages for the countries mentioned above. It is also implemented the systematic vision, causes and consequences analysis, and expert assessment. Originality/Value – Nowadays the U.S.-China trade disputes is the current issue of great global impact and significance. These trade relations support more than two and a half million jobs in the United States in various industries, including jobs created by Chinese companies in America. And the Chinese middle class continues to expand rapidly over the next decade. According to expert estimates, by 2026 the number of Chinese middleclass consumers will exceed the entire population of the United States. This means that the U.S. companies will face serious challenges to attract a new and profitable customer base, which can further increase employment and economic growth. Thus, this paper presents the most contemporary analytical review of this current economic situation based on the latest data of 2017-2018. Findings – In the given research it has been studied the current issue of the U.S. and China economic trade relations. It has been analyzed the current economic, social and political aspects of trade relations between the United States and China. It has been detected their advantages and disadvantages for both countries based on methodologies and analytical tools described above. It has been considered the possible solutions and recommendations on how to improve the current macroeconomic relations between given countries.
The report reviews the current status of IGCC and supercritical/ultrasupercritical pulverized-coal power plants and summarizes risks associated with project development, construction and operation. The report includes an economic analysis using three case studies of Chinese projects; a supercritical PC, an ultrasupercritical PC, and an IGCC plant. The analysis discusses barriers to clean coal technologies and ways to encourage their adoption for new power plants. 25 figs., 25 tabs.
Catenary is one of the most crucial parts of electrified railway system. How to detect the part defects of catenary in time and keep it in a stable and safe operation conditions are the main tasks for maintainance. The existing data-driven vision-based defect detection methods will face a big challenge that, there are many catenary parts and each part has several types of defects, but there are few defect sample images for each type of defect, which limits them in real applications. To alleviate this problem, a semantic label-enhanced variational autoencoder (VAE) method for catenary part defect detection, termed Defect VAE (DefVAE), is presented. The proposed method is based on a label-enhanced VAE network that determines the distribution boundary in latent feature space of defect sample for additional defect generation. The addition of semantic label information to the VAE improves the inter-class distance in latent space, clarifying the boundary and further boosting the capabilities of the defect detection method, which is demonstrated in our experiments. Additionally, the defect type is classified by combining the outputs of the classifier confidence and the pixel-level reconstruction error which is based on a sliding label mode of the variational autoencoder. Extensive experiments with the open benchmark dataset MVTec and the catenary dataset collected by ourselves demonstrate that the presented DefVAE outperforms the baseline methods across the majority of indicators.
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