Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) encompasses a wide range of cognitive disorders stemming from cerebrovascular issues, such as strokes or small vessel disease. These conditions often pose challenges to traditional diagnostic approaches due to their multifactorial nature and varied clinical presentations. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided detailed analyses of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the molecular pathobiology of VCI. These new findings help with molecular-based diagnostics and treatments of VCI. Within this realm, the concept of immune modulation, especially through specific vaccinations, emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy in VCI mitigation. In this review, we comprehensively elucidate the function of lncRNAs in VCI, emphasizing the advanced understanding of VCI’s molecular underpinnings made possible through NGS technologies. Significant focus is placed on the immune system’s role in VCI, particularly the neuroinflammatory processes which are consequential to cerebrovascular abnormalities. We believe that lncRNAs participate in regulating these immunological pathways, potentially guiding the development of vaccines targeting VCI. In this context, we propose a novel perspective: using knowledge about lncRNA profiles and functions to guide vaccine development, we can potentially exploit the body’s immune response to mitigate or prevent VCI. This approach has the potential to revolutionize VCI management by introducing targeted immunization strategies informed by molecular signatures, a concept that remains largely unexplored in current research endeavors. In addition, we summarize current progress and propose future directions, advocating for robust, interdisciplinary studies to validate the potential intersections between lncRNA landscapes, VCI pathology, and immunology. This review aims to spur innovative research and promote the development of lncRNA-informed vaccine strategies as proactive interventions against the cognitive consequences of VCI.
Melanoma is the most common cancer of the skin, associated with a worse prognosis and distant metastasis. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible cellular biological process that plays significant roles in diverse tumor functions, and it is modulated by specific genes and transcription factors. The relevance of EMT-related lncRNAs in melanoma has not been determined. Therefore, RNA expression data and clinical features were collected from the TCGA database ( N = 447). Melanoma samples were randomly assigned into the training (315) and testing sets (132). An EMT-related lncRNA signature was constructed via comprehensive analyses of lncRNA expression level and corresponding clinical data. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significant differences in overall survival in patients with melanoma in the low and high-risk groups in two sets. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to measure the performance of the model. Cox regression analysis indicated that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor in two sets. Besides, a nomogram was constructed based on the independent variables. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was applied to evaluate the potential biological functions in the two risk groups. Furthermore, the melanoma microenvironment was evaluated using ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms in the risk groups. This study indicates that EMT-related lncRNAs can function as potential independent prognostic biomarkers for melanoma survival.
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescence. Multiple immune-related genes have been reported in different cancers. The aim is to identify an immune-related gene signature for the prospective evaluation of prognosis for osteosarcoma patients. In this study, we evaluated the infiltration of immune cells in 101 osteosarcoma patients downloaded from TARGET using the ssGSEA to the RNA-sequencing of these patients, thus, high immune cell infiltration cluster, middle immune cell infiltration cluster and low immune cell infiltration cluster were generated. On the foundation of high immune cell infiltration cluster vs. low immune cell infiltration cluster and normal vs. osteosarcoma, we found 108 common differentially expressed genes which were sequentially submitted to univariate Cox and LASSO regression analysis. Furthermore, GSEA indicated some pathways with notable enrichment in the high- and low-immune cell infiltration cluster that may be helpful in understanding the potential mechanisms. Finally, we identified seven immune-related genes as prognostic signature for osteosarcoma. Kaplan-Meier analysis, ROC curve, univariate and multivariate Cox regression further confirmed that the seven immune-related genes signature was an innovative and significant prognostic factor independent of clinical features. These results of this study offer a means to predict the prognosis and survival of osteosarcoma patients with uncovered seven-gene signature as potential biomarkers.
To investigate whether RelB-silenced bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) pulsed with torpedo acetylcholine receptor (TAChR) immuno-dominant peptide Talpha146~162 can induce tolerance in T cells primed with TAChR.Recombinant lentivirus that produced RelB siRNA and control lentivirus were prepared and used to infect BMDCs. The infected BMDCs were stimulated with LPS,and the resulting cells were designated as DC-siRelB or DC-control, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression of RelB were examined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Cell surface markers of DC were evaluated by flow cytometry. IL-12 in the supernatant was detected by ELISA. Mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: A1, A2, A3,K1, K2, and K3. On day 0, group A1, A2, and A3 were primed with TAChR in CFA and group K1, K2 and K3 were primed with KLH+CFA. On day 7, group A2 and K2 were injected with Talpha146~162 pulsed DC-siRelB, group A3 and K3 were injected with Talpha146~162 pulsed DC-control, while A1 and K1 group received PBS at the same time. On day 14, lymphocyte proliferative response of the 4 groups were measured.Recombinant lentivirus including RelBshRNA genes was successfully constructed. RelB siRNA knocked down RelB expression in BMDCs obviously. Compared with DC-control, DC-siRelB expressed a significantly lower level of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II on their surface, producing lower level of IL-12. Compared with group A1 and A3, lymphocyte proliferative response to TAChR of A2 group was suppressed significantly (P<0.05). No different lymphocyte proliferative responses to KLH and ConA were seen in group A1, A2 and A3 (P>0.05). No different lymphocyte proliferative responses were seen in group K1, K2 and K3 (P>0.05).Lentiviral-mediated RelB-silenced BMDCs are maturation resistant and can induce antigen-specific tolerance in TAChR primed C57BL/6 mice,which provides a basis for further study of their therapeutic potential in myasthenia gravis.
Abstract Introduction Melanoma is a highly aggressive malignant skin tumor as well as the primary reason for skin cancer‐specific deaths. We first identified immune‐related long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) prognostic signature and found potential immunotherapeutic targets for melanoma cancer. Methods RNA‐seq data and clinical features of melanoma samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Samples of melanoma were randomly assigned to the training and testing cohort. The immune‐related lncRNA signature was then obtained via using univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox analysis of patients in the training cohort. Eight significant immune‐related lncRNA signature was then subsequently obtained through correlation analysis between immune‐related genes and lncRNAs. The association between risk score and immune cell infiltration was finally assessed using TIMER and CIBERSORT. Results Three hundred and fifty‐six immune‐related lncRNAs were obtained. Among them, eight immune‐related lncRNAs were identified to build a prognostic risk signature model. The model's performance was then confirmed using the Kaplan–Meier curves, risk plots, and time‐dependent receiver‐operating characteristic curves in the training cohort. The risk score was identified and confirmed as an independent prognostic factor through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. These results were further verified in the testing and whole cohorts. CIBERSORT algorithm showed that the infiltration levels of T cells CD8, M1 macrophages, plasma cells, T cells CD4 memory activated, T cells gamma delta, and mast cells activated were significantly lower in the high‐risk group while the infiltration level of macrophages M0 was significantly lower in the low‐risk group. Conclusion The immune‐related lncRNA signature offers prognostic markers and potential immunotherapeutic targets for melanoma.
To investigate the effect of the exogenous transforming growth factor β(TGF-β1) on the pathogenesis of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) in mouse model and to explore its possible mechanism through the detection of T-bet and GATA-3 expression,72 female C57BL/6 mice of SPF inbred strain,aged 8～10 weeks,were randomly divided into adjuvant group,EAE group,intervention group and group without intervention,while the chronic mouse model of EAE was established by immunization of the C57BL/6 mice with MOG35-55,and TGF-β1 was injected together with the immunization in the intervention group.The expressions of T-bet and GATA-3 in each group of mice were detected in the onset,peak and chronic stage of disease by means of RT-PCR.It was found that the time of onset of disease in the intervention group was shortened,became worse at the peak of disease and went into chronic stage earlier,but the condition in the chronic stage tended to be relieved.The expression of T-bet was higher in the adjuvant group,but lower than those in EAE group and group without intervention.During the whole course of illness the expression of GATA-3 in the intervention group were lower than those of other 3 groups,especially the group without intervention an EAE group of mice.From these observations,it is evident that the expressions of T-bet and GATA reflect the immune imbalance status in EAE,and the exogenous TGF-β1 is not simply a protective factor,but they can make symptom worse at peak of illness and ameliorate the condition in the chronic stage of disease.
Brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) survival and angiogenesis after ischemic stroke has great significance for improving the prognosis of stroke.Abnormal variants of lncRNAs are closely associated with stroke.In this study, we examined the effects and molecular mechanisms of differentiation antagonizing non-protein coding RNA (DANCR) on apoptosis, migration, and angiogenesis of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated BMECs.We found that DANCR expression significantly increased at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after OGD.DANCR overexpression promoted cell viability, migration, and angiogenesis in OGD-treated BMECs.Additionally, we found that X-box binding protein l splicing (XBP1s) expression was positively correlated with DANCR expression.DANCR overexpression promoted XBP1s expression in OGD-treated BMECs.Silenced XBP1s reversed the effect of DANCR in OGD-treated BMECs.Furthermore, we found that microRNA (miR)-33a-5p bound to DANCR and the 3'-UTR of XBP1.miR-33a-5p overexpression inhibited proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and XBP1s expression in OGD-treated DANCRoverexpressing BMECs, reversing the protective effect of DANCR.Finally, we found that XBP1s expression promoted proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, reversing the damaging effect of miR-33a-5p.In conclusion, DANCR enhanced survival and angiogenesis in OGD-treated BMECs through the miR-33a-5p/XBP1s axis.
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