Potential Intersections between lncRNA, Vascular Cognitive Impairment, and Immunization Strategies: Insights and Future Directions
3
Citation
154
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) encompasses a wide range of cognitive disorders stemming from cerebrovascular issues, such as strokes or small vessel disease. These conditions often pose challenges to traditional diagnostic approaches due to their multifactorial nature and varied clinical presentations. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided detailed analyses of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the molecular pathobiology of VCI. These new findings help with molecular-based diagnostics and treatments of VCI. Within this realm, the concept of immune modulation, especially through specific vaccinations, emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy in VCI mitigation. In this review, we comprehensively elucidate the function of lncRNAs in VCI, emphasizing the advanced understanding of VCI’s molecular underpinnings made possible through NGS technologies. Significant focus is placed on the immune system’s role in VCI, particularly the neuroinflammatory processes which are consequential to cerebrovascular abnormalities. We believe that lncRNAs participate in regulating these immunological pathways, potentially guiding the development of vaccines targeting VCI. In this context, we propose a novel perspective: using knowledge about lncRNA profiles and functions to guide vaccine development, we can potentially exploit the body’s immune response to mitigate or prevent VCI. This approach has the potential to revolutionize VCI management by introducing targeted immunization strategies informed by molecular signatures, a concept that remains largely unexplored in current research endeavors. In addition, we summarize current progress and propose future directions, advocating for robust, interdisciplinary studies to validate the potential intersections between lncRNA landscapes, VCI pathology, and immunology. This review aims to spur innovative research and promote the development of lncRNA-informed vaccine strategies as proactive interventions against the cognitive consequences of VCI.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in the world. An important implication of this disease is the progression of the disease to a more complicated condition called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the wide variety of clinical presentations. Over the past 5 years, remarkable progresses have been made in understanding the genetic basis for the disease. Recent clinical trials in pharmacotherapy for the disease have been encouraging as well. It is anticipated that the integration of the wide spectrum information retrieved from genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics studies conducted in NAFLD and NASH will mediate a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis and facilitate the postulation of disease pathobiology pathways. Genetic and biological markers identified from the omics studies may hold promise for diagnosis, personalized treatment, early prevention and new drug development.
Steatohepatitis
Pathogenesis
Drug Development
Liver disease
Cite
Citations (6)
Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death worldwide for the last few decades. Even with the rapid progression of the biomedical field, conquering/managing cardiovascular disease is not an easy task because it is multifactorial disease. One of the key players of the development and progression of numerous diseases is microRNA (miRNA). These small, non-coding RNAs bind to target mRNAs to inhibit translations of and/or degrade the target mRNAs, thus acting as negative regulators of gene expressions. Accumulating evidence indicates that non-physiological expressions of miRNAs contribute to both development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Since even a single miRNA can have multiple targets, dysregulation of miRNAs can lead to catastrophic changes of proteins that may be important for maintaining physiologic conditions of cells, tissues, and organs. Current knowledge on the role of miRNAs in cardiovascular disease is mostly based on the observational data such as microarray of miRNAs in animal disease models, thus relatively lacking insight of how such dysregulation of miRNAs is initiated and regulated. Consequently, future research should aim to elucidate the more comprehensive mechanisms of miRNA dysregulation during pathogenesis of the cardiovascular system so that appropriate counter-measures to prevent/manage cardiovascular disease can be developed.
Pathogenesis
Cite
Citations (7)
Summary In many vertebrates, immune activity is compromised when other expensive activities are concurrent. One explanation for such patterns includes trade‐offs between immune activity and other expensive physiological processes. Trade‐offs among different immune responses themselves may also occur, but thus far few data exist to substantiate them. We predicted that immune activity in female White‐footed Mice, Peromyscus leucopus , would be weak (relative to sham‐treated controls) if another immune response was already ongoing. To test this hypothesis, we examined (i) the effects of inflicting a cutaneous wound on cell‐mediated immune activity one day after wounding, and (ii) the effects of inducing cell‐mediated immune activity on the cutaneous wound‐healing process when wounds were inflicted one day after the immune challenge. Prior wounding dampened cell‐mediated immune responses and induction of cell‐mediated immune activity altered progression of wound healing. Immune challenges did not affect reproductive tissue masses, however, as has been detected in males of this species. Also, concentrations of circulating glucocorticoids, which are known modulators of immune activity, were not dramatically different between treatment and sham groups. In sum, our results provide evidence that some immune responses can negatively influence other recent immunological activity. Further study is warranted, however, to pinpoint the molecular mechanisms underlying these apparent trade‐offs and determine whether induction of immune activity may sometimes prime instead of hinder subsequent immune responses.
Cite
Citations (70)
Immune cells and commensal microbes in the human intestine constantly communicate with and react to each other in a stable environment in order to maintain healthy immune activities. Immune system-microbiota cross-talk relies on a complex network of pathways that sustain the balance between immune tolerance and immunogenicity. Probiotic bacteria can interact and stimulate intestinal immune cells and commensal microflora to modulate specific immune functions and immune homeostasis. Growing evidence shows that probiotic bacteria present important health-promoting and immunomodulatory properties. Thus, the use of probiotics might represent a promising approach for improving immune system activities. So far, few studies have been reported on the beneficial immune modulatory effect of probiotics. However, many others, which are mainly focused on their metabolic/nutritional properties, have been published. Therefore, the mechanisms behind the interaction between host immune cells and probiotics have only been partially described. The present review aims to collect and summarize the most recent scientific results and the resulting implications of how probiotic bacteria and immune cells interact to improve immune functions. Hence, a description of the currently known immunomodulatory mechanisms of probiotic bacteria in improving the host immune system is provided.
Cite
Citations (314)
Immune receptor
Cite
Citations (176)
Diabetic heart disease (DHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the people with diabetes, with approximately 80% of the deaths in diabetics are due to cardiovascular complications. Importantly, heart disease in the diabetics develop at a much earlier stage, although remaining asymptomatic till the later stage of the disease, thereby restricting its early detection and active therapeutic management. Thus, a better understanding of the modulators involved in the pathophysiology of DHD is necessary for the early diagnosis and development of novel therapeutic implications for diabetes-associated cardiovascular complications. microRNAs (miRs) have recently been evolved as key players in the various cardiovascular events through the regulation of cardiac gene expression. Besides their credible involvement in controlling the cellular processes, they are also released in to the circulation in disease states where they serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. However, their potential role in DHD as modulators as well as diagnostic biomarkers is largely unexplored. In this review, we describe the putative mechanisms of the selected cardiovascular miRs in relation to cardiovascular diseases and discuss their possible involvement in the pathophysiology and early diagnosis of DHD.
Angiology
Pathophysiology
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Cite
Citations (103)
Immune cells is the material basis of immune function,an important means to understand the state of the immune function is various immune cells counts and function test.There are a series of unbalance in recurrent genital herpes patients′ immune cell function,including the changes of number of T lymphocytes,NK cells and LAK cells,dendritic cells,and its secreted cell factors,which then lead to the body′s low cells immune response,immune suppression,or immune defect.Through the research of the unbalance change of related immune cells,theory basis for the prevention and treatment direction of the disease will be established.
Cite
Citations (0)
To investigate the dynamic variation of AVP mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus during immune responses in rats and further reveal the genetic modulating mechanisms by which nervous system modulates the immune function.The multiple points, locations and ways of bull serum albumin (BSA) injection were used to establish immune-enhancing animal models, and the lower doses and 1 day interval of CY intraperitoneal injection were used to establish immune-suppressing animal models. In the different periods of the immune response, the serum and the brain of the same rat were taken to be tested at the same time.Six days after primary antigen stimulating the levels of IgG and IL-2 began to escalate, and 6 days after the antigen restimulating the IgG and IL-2 reached the highest level. After the first two CY injections the levels of IgG and IL-2 began to decline, and after 4 CY injections the IgG and IL-2 reached the lowest level.BSA and CY are ideal agents for establishing immune-enhancing and immune-suppressing animal models. BSA could enhance both the humorous and cellular immune function directly. The CY could directly suppress the cellular immune function, but it could indirectly suppress the humorous immune function.
Cite
Citations (0)
There is no longer a question regarding whether the immune system functions as an independent system that regulates itself. It does not. The function of the immune system is modulated by hormones released from nerves, the pituitary, the adrenals, and possibly even lymphocytes themselves. Many of the immune regulatory hormones change in concentration at times of different emotional states. Thus, the response to a stressor, which increases the concentration of hormones such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines, modulates immune function. This brief review highlights some of the important areas of clinical interest in the interaction between stress and immune function.
Stressor
Cite
Citations (0)