To describe the hypertension awareness, treatment and control among adults in China in 2010-2012.Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. A stratified multistage cluster sampling was used from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities and selected 150 districts/counties. The sample was adults aged 18 and over selected through the method of Probability Proportion to Size(PPS). The mercury sphygmomanometer was used to measure the blood pressure. Each person had three measurements. The questionnaire was used to collect the information of hypertension awareness and control.The sample participants were 120 428 in 2010-2012. Among adults with hypertension, 46. 5%were aware of their hypertension, 41. 1% reported taking hypertension medicine in the last two weeks, and 13. 8% controlled the blood pressure. It was higher for hypertension awareness, treatment and control in women(49. 5%, 44. 2% and 14. 6%) than those of men(43. 0%, 37. 4% and 12. 9%). The three rates were increased with age. The prevalence of control was 33. 6% among the treated hypertensive individuals. It was higher for men and the rate was decreased with age. It was higher for hypertension awareness, treatment and control among hypertension and control among treated hypertensive participates in urban area(52. 7%, 47. 9%, 17. 9% and 37. 3%) than those in rural area(39. 5%, 33. 4%, 9. 2% and 27. 6%). The rates of overall, gender, and age groups were decreased in large city, medium and small city, general county, and poor county.The prevalence of hypertension awareness, treatment and control among hypertension and control among treated hypertensive participates among Chinese adults was increased in 2010-2012. But the rates were still keep a low level. The region and age differences need pay attention.
The specific forms of 24 h dietary recall used by national nutrition surveys differ, such as two non-consecutive days and three consecutive days. However, it is unclear which form of 24 h dietary recall is more accurate in the Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of 24 h recalls on two consecutive days (C2), three consecutive days (C3), two non-consecutive days (NC2), and three non-consecutive days (NC3) in estimating Chinese adult dietary intake. A total of 595 participants completed more than twenty-three 24 h recalls. The average of all completed 24 h recalls of each subject was defined as the individual’s true dietary intake. The dietary intake in the four scenarios of 24 h recalls was calculated using the within-person mean (WPM) method and National Cancer Institute (NCI) method and compared with the true values. Equivalent testing was used to evaluate whether scenarios NC2 and C3 were equivalent. Bias and mean bias were used as a measure of precision and accuracy, respectively. For the WPM method, the precision between the four scenarios was similar. For mean, the accuracy between the four scenarios was similar, yielding estimates that were close to the true intakes. However, for percentiles, the accuracy in descending order was scenario NC3, C3, NC2, and C2. Furthermore, the difference between two and three days was greater than that between consecutive and non-consecutive days. In most case, the distribution of dietary intakes calculated from scenarios NC2 and C3 was equivalent with equivalence margins of 5% (p < 0.05). Usually, the NCI method was significantly more accurate than the WPM method. We concluded that three non-consecutive 24 h recalls relative to three consecutive days increases accuracy. Two non-consecutive days can be substituted to some extent for three consecutive days. The new form of 24 h recall needs to be used with caution when applied practically in the China nutrition surveys. Furthermore, using the NCI method to calculate dietary intake from 24 h recall may be a way to reduce costs and increase accuracy.
What is already known on this topic? Beverage consumption has become a problematic dietary behavior in children and adolescents. Excessive drinking of beverages, especially sugary beverages, can increase the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, dental cavities, and diabetes. What is added by this report? This report revealed the beverage consumption rate was higher in males, in urban areas, and adolescents aged 12–17 years. The top three beverages by consumption rate were carbonated beverages (33.2%), milk-containing beverages (25.0%), and non-100% fruit and vegetable beverages (23.5%). Children and adolescents in China consumed beverages at a primary frequency rate of 1–3 times/week. Among children and adolescents aged 6–17 years who consumed beverages, the average amount was 193.8 g/d, and was higher in males (210.6 g/d), those in urban areas (204.7 g/d), and adolescents aged 12–17 years (259.0 g/d). What are the implications for public health practice? Children and adolescents are key periods of life to develop healthy dietary behaviors for individuals. The consumption of beverages by Chinese children and adolescents has shown to increase year over year. Parents, schools, and governments need to prioritize promoting health consumption of beverasges.
OBJECTIVE To study the eating out behavior and its impact on obesity among Chinese residents aged 18-59. METHODS Multistage stratified random sampling method was used to collect data in 302 monitoring sites of the China National Chronic Non-communicable Disease and Nutrition Surveillance of adults in 31 provinces of China from 2015. A total of 53 887 subjects were included in this study by data cleaning. The population data published by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010 were used as a standard population of the data result for 2015. Complex sampling weighting method was adopted in data analyses. The number and percentage of cases were used to describe the eating behaviors of different characteristics of the population, Statistical analysis was conducted by using SURVEYFREQ process, and Chi-square test was used to comparative analysis. Multi-factor analysis was conducted to the relationship between eating out frequency and different characteristics and obesity by using SURVEYLOGISTIC model regression. RESULTS In 2015, proportions of eating out for all the three meals was 36. 1% of Chinese residents aged 18-59 in the past week, that of were 41. 3% and 24. 3% of Chinese residents aged 18-44 and 45-59, respectively. Proportions of Chinese residents was 12. 2% for eating out 1-6 times a week, 15. 8% for eating out 7-13 times a week, and 8. 1% for eating out 14-21 times a week. Results from the multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that 18-44 years old, male, urban, highly educated, family per capita annual income ≥ 20 000 yuan, unmarried, on the job and school students chose to eat out more commonly. No statistical association was noticed between the frequency of eating out and obesity in women, men who ate out 14-21 times a week showed higher risk of obesity than those who not ate out, with OR=1. 8(95%CI 1. 3-2. 5). CONCLUSION Proportions of eating out increased for Chinese residents aged 18-59, men who ate out 14-21 times a week showed higher risk of obesity.
To analyze the mean population intake of salt in Chinese adults in 2010-2012.Data were from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. The samples were selected through the method of probability proportion to size (PPS). The study objects were 55 531 adults aged 18 and over from 150 sites in 31 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities in China. The information of oil, salt and other condiments for household was from the 3 d food weighed record. The average of salt intake for individuals was calculated based on the energy percentage in one family. The results presented the level of salt intake (x ± Sx) by analyzing the different demography characteristics. The results were calculated using complex weighting by the population data from National Bureau of Statistics in 2009.The intake of salt was (9.6 ± 0.3) g/d and it was higher in men ((10.4 ± 0.4) g/d) than that in women ((8.8 ± 0.3) g/d). The intake in the age group of 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69 was (9.9 ± 0.5) g/d, (10.3 ± 0.4) g/d and (9.9 ± 0.3) g/d, respectively. The adults in rural ((10.2 ± 0.3) g/d) had a higher salt intake than that of urban ((9.0 ± 0.5) g/d). An average of salt intake was increased gradually in big city ((7.9 ± 0.3) g/d), medium /small city ((9.2 ± 0.6) g/d) , general rural ((9.9 ± 0.4) g/d) and poor rural ((10.8 ± 0.7)g/d).The mean salt intake among Chinese adults was still in a very high level. Something should be done to reduce the salt intake for the government and policy-makers.
What is already known on this topic? High-level intakes of both cooking oil and salt are issues of concern in China as they can lead to an increased risk of chronic diseases later in life. Reducing intakes of cooking oil and salt should be prioritized in children. What is added by this report? Among children aged 6–17 years in China in 2016–2017, the median intake of cooking oil and salt were 27.7 and 6.1 g/d, respectively. The percentages of children with intake of cooking oil and salt that exceeded the recommended guidelines were 50.4% and 67.8%, respectively. What are the implications for public health practice? Understanding the consumption levels of cooking oil and salt among children aged 6–17 years in China is vital for reducing associated health effects later in life. This study provided scientific evidence to recommend policymakers formulate effective policies to reduce intake of cooking oil and salt for the target population.
To describe the feeding status and related factors of infant and young child aged 6-23 months in China.Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance among 0-17 Years Old Children and Lactating Women in 2016-2017, and 20 423 children aged 6-23 months were involved in 275 surveillance sites from 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities). The introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods, minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency were analyzed with WHO and UNICEF 2021 updated infant and young child feeding indicators. Data analyses were conducted using the complex weight based on national census from National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. Rao-Scott Chi-square was used test for statistical difference.The percentage of infants 6-8 months of age who consumed solid, semi-solid or soft foods was 83.2%(95%CI 80.5%-85.9%) in 2016-2017. No significant difference were observed between boys and girls; there was significant difference in different areas(Rao-Scott χ~2=30.85, P<0.01), it was 90.3% in medium and small cities, and reached 75.0% even in poor rural areas. The proportions of children aged 6-23 months meeting minimum dietary diversity(MDD) was 60.6%(95%CI 58.1%-63.1%). It was 71.1% in medium and small cities, and 50.5% in poor rural areas. Except for breast milk, the percentage of eggs(34.4%) and legumes(19.0%) consumption was low, the percentage of grains, vitamin A-rich fruits or vegetables consumption was 89.7%(95%CI 88.4%-91.1%). The percentage of consuming egg and/or flesh food was 76.4%(95%CI 74.2%-78.7%). The percentage of zero vegetables or fruits consumption was 9.1%(95%CI 7.8%-10.4%). The proportions of children aged 6-23 months meeting minimum meal frequency(MMF) was 72.4%(95%CI 70.1%-74.7%). It was over 70% in large cities, medium and small cities, general rural areas; and 60.2% in poor rural areas. The proportions of children aged 6-23 months meeting minimum acceptable diet was 43.4%(95%CI 40.7%-46.1%), it was over 50% in urban areas, and less than 40% in rural areas, 30.1% in poor rural areas. No consistent differences were observed between boys and girls for all 3 indicators(MDD, MMF and MAD), and there was significant difference in different areas and various months of age(P<0.01).There was no gender difference in the feeding status of children aged 6-23 months in China, the complementary feeding was relatively timely, and the minimum dietary diversity and meal frequency of children were relatively ideal, but the minimum acceptable diet of children in poor rural areas was poor.
To analyze the trends and food sources composition of energy, protein and fat in Chinese residents from 1992 to 2012.Based on the dietary data of the China Nutrition and Health Surveys in 1992, 2002 and 2010-2012, to compare the food sources composition of energy, protein and fat in Chinese residents. A stratified multistage cluster random sampling was used in 1992, and the sample size was100 201. A multistage stratified cluster random sampling survey was conducted in 2002, and the sample size was 68 962. A multi-stage stratified and population-proportional cluster random sampling method was used in 2010-2012, and the sample size of was63 993. Three consecutive 24-hour recalls method and face-to-face interviews were used in three dietary surveys, and household edible oil and condiment weighing were adopted in three surveys. The dietary energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake, and the proportion of dietary pattern among the participants were analyzed based on the China Food Composition table.The average daily dietary energy intake in Chinese residents in 1992, 2002 and 2010-2012 was 2328. 3, 2250. 5 and 2172. 1 kcal, respectively. The carbohydrate intake was 378. 4, 321. 2 and 300. 8 g respectively, and the protein intake was 68. 0, 65. 9 and 64. 5 g, respectively. The fat intake was 58. 3, 76. 2 and 79. 9 g, respectively. The dietary energy in Chinese residents mainly came from cereals, and the proportion of cereals energy supply was 66. 8%, 57. 9% and 53. 1%, respectively. Dietary energy was mainly derived from carbohydrates, and the proportion of carbohydrate energy supply was 66. 2%, 58. 6% and 55. 0%, respectively. The proportion of fat energy supply was 22. 0%, 29. 6% and 32. 9%, respectively. The main food sources of protein was cereals. The proportion of protein intake in cereals was 61. 6%, 52. 0% and47. 3%, respectively. The proportion of high quality protein intake was 24. 0%, 32. 6%and 37. 0%, respectively. The main food sources of fat was plant food, and the proportion of plant fat intake was 62. 8%, 60. 8% and 64. 1%, respectively. The dietary energy in urban and rural residents in 1992, 2002 and 2010-2012 years was mainly derived from cereals. The nutrients of dietary energy were mainly derived from carbohydrates. The food sources of protein were mainly cereals. The food sources of fat were mainly plant food, and the proportion of high quality protein intake increased. The proportion of cereals supply in 2002 and 2010-2012 years was less than 50%. The fat supply of urban residents was 35. 0% and 36. 1% higher than that in 2002 and 2010-2012, and the proportion of high quality protein intake in rural residents was less than 40%.The dietary composition in urban and rural residents in 1992, 2002 and 2010-2012 was mainly composed of cereal and vegetable food. The proportion of energy supply from fat was very high and increased, the average dietary intake per reference man per day for protein intake was insufficient and decreased. The trend of average energy intake per reference man per day was from excessive intake to insufficient and decreased in Chinese residents and urban residents. The proportion of high quality protein intake was insufficient for the Chinese residents and rural residents. The proportion of energy supply from cereals and carbohydrate were low and decreased.
To analyze the trends in main food intakes among Chinese residents aged 18-44 years from 1982 to 2015. The data were obtained from the Nutrition and Health Survey/Monitoring database of Chinese residents from 1982 to 2015. The food weighing method combined with the bookkeeping method was used in the 1982 dietary survey, while the collection of food intake information was collected by 24-hour dietary review method and spice weighing method for 3 consecutive days in the 1992-2015 dietary survey. Food items were categorized based on the Chinese food composition table, and the consumption of different foods was computed. From 1982 to 2015, the daily consumption of cereals, tubers, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh vegetables, and cooking salt among Chinese residents aged 18 to 44 exhibited a decreasing trend(P_(trend) <0.0001), with cereals experiencing the higher rate of decline followed by cooking salt and fresh vegetables. Conversely, the daily intake of fresh fruits, nuts, beans, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, and cooking oil showed a increasing trend(P_(trend) <0.0001), with cooking oil, meat and poultry as well as eggs demonstrating the higher rates of increase followed by fish and shrimp and fresh fruit also experienced notable increases. No significant changes were observed in tubers or whole grains and miscellaneous beans or nuts or beans or milk. In urban areas specifically, there was an increasing trend observed in the consumption of tubers, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh fruits and fish and shrimp; however, a decreasing trend was noticed for beans with insignificant changes in amplitude; trends for other food items aligned with those observed in the general population(P_(trend) <0.0001). Among rural residents, the consumption of whole grains and miscellaneous beans significantly decreased, trends for other food items mirrored those seen in the general population(P_(trend)<0.0001). The daily intake of fresh fruit remained unchanged among male residents but increased significantly among female residents; trends for other food items were consistent with those observed in the general population(P_(trend) <0.0001). From 1982 to 2015, the daily consumption of cereals, tubers, whole grains and miscellaneous beans, fresh vegetables, and cooking salt among Chinese residents aged 18 to 44 exhibited a decreasing trend, while the daily intake of fresh fruits, nuts, beans, meat and poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs and cooking oil showed a increasing trend. Urban areas and female residents displayed more rational food choices.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(60)'/%3e%3ccircle r='17' fill='%23000095'/%3e%3ccircle r='15' fill='%23fff'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)