Melon (C. melo L.) is an economically important vegetable crop cultivated worldwide. The melon collection in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is a valuable resource to conserve natural genetic diversity and provide novel traits for melon breeding. Here we use the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology to characterize 2083 melon accessions in the NPGS collected from major melon production areas as well as regions where primitive melons exist. Population structure and genetic diversity analyses suggested that C. melo ssp. melo was firstly introduced from the centers of origin, Indian and Pakistan, to Central and West Asia, and then brought to Europe and Americas. C. melo ssp. melo from East Asia was likely derived from C. melo ssp. agrestis in India and Pakistan and displayed a distinct genetic background compared to the rest of ssp. melo accessions from other geographic regions. We developed a core collection of 383 accessions capturing more than 98% of genetic variation in the germplasm, providing a publicly accessible collection for future research and genomics-assisted breeding of melon. Thirty-five morphological characters investigated in the core collection indicated high variability of these characters across accessions in the collection. Genome-wide association studies using the core collection panel identified potentially associated genome regions related to fruit quality and other horticultural traits. This study provides insights into melon origin and domestication, and the constructed core collection and identified genome loci potentially associated with important traits provide valuable resources for future melon research and breeding.
Nanomaterials (NMs), particularly ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), show great promise in sustainable agriculture for enhancing crop production, mineral nutrition, and food safety. However, custom synthesis of NMs to optimize performance is still a bottleneck. This study synthesized three types of ZnO (NPs) (nZnO-1, nZnO-2, and nZnO-3) with different particle size, charge, and dissolution properties and were foliar-applied to wheat under field conditions. Foliar application of nZnO-3 significantly increased wheat grain by 15.2% and biological yield by 9.5% compared to that of the unamended control. Both nZnO-2 and nZnO-3 significantly improved the Zn content in whole wheat grain (21.0 and 15.6%, respectively) and starchy endosperm (31.8 and 13.1%, respectively), enhanced the Zn bioavailability (40.9 and 43.3%, respectively), and increased the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Zn (55.1 and 23.8%, respectively). Impressively, nZnO-3 also significantly reduced Cd concentration in whole wheat grain (17.2%) although it did not affect the Cd level in wheat flour. Additionally, all Zn treatments increased the levels of crude protein (5.2–15.7%) and other nutrients (e.g., S, Fe, Mn) in wheat grains. These findings underscore the potential of tailored ZnO NPs in wheat biofortification and point toward a sustainable approach for agricultural production through a controlled synthesis platform.
The study on the laws of protein and amino acid content changes of green gram, soybean and wild soybean in their sprouting periods was conducted. The results indicated that the protein contents of soybean and green gram got their maximums (47339% and 26889% respectively)during their sprouting periods when that of wild soybean got its minimum (36080%)The amino acid contents of green gram, soybean and wild soybean got their maximums (15222%,42379% and 30238% respectively) during their sprouting periodsIn this period, the content of glutamic acid in beans was the highest (2904～8757%)
Crop productivity around the world is being seriously affected by adverse environmental conditions. High temperature (HT) stress has severely hampered plant growth, yield, and quality. Water spinach is a significant heat-resilient green leafy vegetable that can mitigate prolonged HT stress. However, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical alterations that occur in its response to heat stress remain unknown. In this study, the physiological response to HT stress in water spinach plants with different temperature (25-control, 30, 35, 40, 45 °C) tolerances was investigated. When plants were subjected to HT over a long period of time, their growth was stunted. The results showed that no significant difference was seen between the control (25 °C) and 30 °C for some traits (root shoot fresh weight, root morphological traits, and leaf gas exchanges parameters). Further, HT (35, 40, and 45 °C) stress significantly reduced the growth status, the gas exchange parameters, the pigment content, the photosystem function, and the root architecture system of water spinach. Conversely, HT stress considerably enhanced secondary metabolites in terms of total phenolics, flavonoids, soluble sugars, and anthocyanin content. Furthermore, heat stress remarkably increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caused cellular membrane damage. HT stress effectively altered the antioxidant defense system and caused oxidative damage. Generally, HT has an adverse effect on the enzyme activity of water spinach, leading to cell death. However, the current study found that temperatures ≥35 °C had an adverse effect on the growth of water spinach. Further research will be needed to examine the mechanism and the gene expression involved in the cell death that is caused by temperature stress in water spinach plants.
We choose the protective cultivation of cucumber to be the research object and study the effect of coated urea fertilization on the protective cultivation of cucumber's roots of the number of microorganism and enzyme activity in soil.The result shows that: the coated urea fertilization could increase the number of grimes and actinomyces,also,the effect of the coated urea fertilization on the three majority of grimes would be like this: Bacteriaactinomycesfungi.The effect of coated urea fertilization on the bacteria would be: D60D90UCK,but the effect is hardly obvious on actinomyces.The amount of the coated urea fertilization increase gradually when the coated urea mixed with the normal urea,the activity of Polyphenol oxidaseand Urease would increase;but it has no obvious effect on the activity of Phosphatse,Hydrogen peroxidase and Invertase.The effect of coated urea fertilization on Polyphenol oxidaseoxidase would be: D90D60UCK;else,it has a obvious effect on increasing the activity of Invertase.The coated urea fertilization has a outstanding effect on the total nitrogen,besides,it would improve the amount of soil organism,total nitrogen,Alkal.N, Nitric.N,Amm.N and Avail.K obviously,but it has an opposite regularity on the amount of Avail.P with other items.
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