Assessing the ergodicity of graphene liquid cell electron microscope measurements, we report that loop states of circular DNA interconvert reversibly and that loop numbers follow the Boltzmann distribution expected for this molecule in bulk solution, provided that the electron dose is low (80-keV electron energy and electron dose rate 1-20 e
Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (LTMDs) have renewed interest as electronic materials, but the poor conductivities hinder their further development. Chemical doping can often significantly modify atomic structures and electronic functionalities of a wide range of materials and thus acts as one of the most effective ways to precisely tune material properties for technological application. Here, the geometries and band structures as well as the densities of states of pure NbSe2 and Ti-doped NbSe2 nanostructure are studied by employing the ab-initio plane-wave ultra-soft pseudo potential technique based on the density functional theory. We optimize the ground state of NbSe2 in the layered structure by using the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation potential. The computational structural parameters are in good agreement with experimental values within 2.5%. To investigate the stability of the doped system with changing the concentration of Ti atoms, 2×2×1 2H-NbSe2 supercells are taken into consideration. Meanwhile, we consider a total of three possible Ti-doping models: substitution, intercalation, and embedded model, and investigate the energy band diagrams, state densities and densities of partial wave state diagram before and after the doping. The results show that the energy electron density of states reaches a higher peak, and the band structure near Fermi level (EF) is changed obviously, resulting in the variations of the band gap and EF position and then the increase of electronic conductivity after doping. In addition, our calculations also predict that the electron transport properties can be enhanced by doping Ti and it can be regarded as a useful way to tailor electronic states so as to improve electron transport properties of 2H-NbSe2. Such a remarkable modification of electronic structure of 2H-NbSe2 by chemical doping offers an additional way of modulating performances of LTMDs and developing new electrical contact composite materials.
A bstract Four decay modes of the $$ {B}_c^{+} $$ Bc+ meson into a J/ψ meson and multiple charged kaons or pions are studied using proton-proton collision data, collected with the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb − 1 . The decay $$ {B}_c^{+} $$ Bc+ → J/ψK + K − π + π + π − is observed for the first time, and evidence for the $$ {B}_c^{+} $$ Bc+ → J/ψ 4 π + 3 π − decay is found. The decay $$ {B}_c^{+} $$ Bc+ → J/ψ 3 π + 2 π − is observed and the previous observation of the $$ {B}_c^{+} $$ Bc+ → ψ (2 S ) π + π + π − decay is confirmed using the ψ (2 S ) → J/ψπ + π − decay mode. Ratios of the branching fractions of these four $$ {B}_c^{+} $$ Bc+ decay channels are measured.
Guessing random additive noise decoding (GRAND) is a capacity-approaching universal algorithm. The GRAND Markov order (GRAND-MO) variant is effective to correct burst errors in a Markov chain modeled memory channel, and the core of GRAND-MO is to generate putative noise error patterns in MO effectively. For purpose of a uniform noise error pattern generation scheme of GRAND-MO, this letter proposes a successive addition-subtraction scheme to generate noise/zero error permutations for predefined MO parameters. Detailed procedures of the proposed scheme are presented, and its correctness is also proofed through theoretical derivation. By embedding the "1" and "0" bursts alternately, the proposed scheme can generate all noise error patterns in MO, which is helpful to improve the error correction capability of GRAND-MO decoders for flexible applications.
Borate esters have been applied widely as coupling partners in organic synthesis. However, the direct utilization of borate acceptors in O-glycosylation with glycal donors remains underexplored. Herein, we describe a novel O-glycosylation resulting in the formation of 2,3-unsaturated O-glycosides and 2-deoxy O-glycosides mediated by palladium and copper catalysis, respectively. This O-glycosylation method tolerated a broad scope of trialkyl/triaryl borates and various glycals with exclusive stereoselectivities in high yields. All the desired aliphatic/aromatic O-glycosides and 2-deoxy O-glycosides were generated successfully, without the hemiacetal byproducts and O→C rearrangement because of the nature of borate esters. The utility of this strategy was demonstrated by functionalizing the 2,3-unsaturated glycoside products to form saturated β-O-glycosides, 2,3-deoxy O-glycosides, and 2,3-epoxy O-glycosides.