Ram Kumar

Sri Narayani Hospital & Research Centre

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R.V.S. Pawaiya

Central Institute for Research on Goats

G.B. Manjunatha Reddy

National Institute Of Veterinary Epidemiology And Disease Informatics

Reghu Ravindran

Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

A.M. Pawde

Indian Veterinary Research Institute

G.J. Ranganath

Indian Veterinary Research Institute

AW Lakkawar

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences

Avinash Reddy

AstraZeneca (United States)

Pawan Kumar

Bihar Agricultural University

O. P. Paliwal

Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Pawan Kumar

Saskatchewan Health

Cooperative Institutions

Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research

Indian Council of Agricultural Research

Punjab Agricultural University

Sri Narayani Hospital & Research Centre

Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research

University of Delhi

Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

Central Institute for Research on Goats

Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute

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Histochemical Assessment of AgNORs in Cutaneous Neoplasms of Cattle

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences (2018)

Swathi Vijaykumar AW Lakkawar Ram Kumar Rahul Dhodapkar M.G. Nair

A prospective study was conducted on twenty five cutaneous growths from various breeds of cattle were assessed for cellular proliferation by employing AgNORs (Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizing Regions) staining method. Histochemical assessment of AgNORs revealed a significantly higher count in malignant neoplasms in comparison to benign neoplasms. The AgNOR counts in cutaneous and teat papillomas ranged from 1.98 to 2.68 with an average count of 2.33. The NOR counts was highest in squamous cell carcinoma (6.12), followed by melanoma (3.24), fibroma (3.16) and trichoepithelioma (2.31). The study concluded that the assessment of AgNORs was found to be very useful to differentiate between benign, malignant and borderline cases of cutaneous neoplasms.

Trichoepithelioma

Fibroma

Skin tumours

10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.064

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Canine skin tumours: Occurrence and histopathology

Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology (2009)

G.B. Manjunatha Reddy Ram Kumar Pawan Kumar Anuj Sharma Naresh Singh

The present investigation was carried out to study the histopathology of spontaneously occurring canine skin tumours. A total of 61 grossly suspected cases of spontaneously occurring canine cutaneous tumours were collected from different places. On histopathological examination, 58 cases were diagnosed as neoplasms. Among them, 30 (51.72%) were benign and 28 (47.28%) malignant. The females had higher incidence (32; 55.17%) than males (26; 44.83%). Benign tumours were recorded at an average age of 7.44 years which was higher than for malignant tumours (6.72 years). Benign tumours encountered were canine cutaneous histiocytoma (11), cavernous hemangioma (3), mast cell tumour (3), perianal gland adenoma (6), fibroma (5) and fibromyxoma (2). The malignant skin tumours were basal cell carcinoma (10), squamous cell carcinoma (5), fibrosarcoma (4), myxosarcoma (2), perianal gland adenocarcinoma (3), epidermoid carcinoma (1), liposarcoma (1), sebaceous basal cell carcinoma (1) and sebaceous gland adenocarcinoma (1).

Histopathology

Fibroma

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Diagnostic significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours

Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology (2010)

Pawan Kumar Ram Kumar Rajvir S. Pawaiya Madhu B. Puttaswamy

The present study was designed to investigate the significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours. Samples from 74 grossly suspected cases of bitches for mammary tumour were collected from different veterinary hospitals in 10% buffered formalin, of which 65 were confirmed as tumours on histopathological examination. Among them, 11 (16.92%) were benign and 54 (83.08%) were malignant tumours. Benign tumours included benign mixed mammary tumour (36.36%), fibroadenoma (27.27%), duct papilloma (18.18%) and simple adenoma (18.18%). The malignant mammary tumours comprised of papillary adenocarcinoma (27.78%), malignant mixed mammary tumour (25.92%), solid carcinoma (18.52%), squamous cell carcinoma (5.56%), fibrosarcoma (5.56%), infiltrative adenocarcinoma (3.7%), mucinous carcinoma (3.7%) and each (1.54%) of osteochondrosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, myxosarcoma, intraductal carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma (malignant myoepithelioma). Mitotic index and AgNOR counts were significantly (P<0.05) differ for benign and malignant mammary tumours. Among malignant mammary tumours mitotic index ranged from 1.08 to 4.19 with solid carcinoma showing the highest index (4.197±1.570) and osteochondrosarcoma the lowest (1.08±0.0) while in benign mammary tumours, it ranged from 0.63 t0 0.9. AgNOR counts were significantly lower (2.57± 0.68) in benign mammary tumours than malignant (3.38±1.01). From this study it was concluded that mitotic index and AgNOR count was a good indicator of transformation of tumours towards the malignancy.

Mitotic index

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Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Diagnosis

Kavitha Unnikrishnan Arya Devi Usha Rames Ram Kumar

Extracellular Vesicles

10.1007/978-981-97-2494-9_10

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Genes responsible for cancer: a review

The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (2011)

Rajveer Singh Pawaiya Lal Krishna Ram Kumar

Cancer is a complex disease where dynamic changes in multiple genes essential for diverse molecular pathways are involved in its initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis. The genes implicated in cancer include those involved in cell cycle control, apoptosis, DNA repair, ageing and immortalization, angiogenesis and metastasis. Activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and alterations in microRNA and other genes through sequential accumulation of mutations, combined with multiple cycles of clonal selection and evolution, facilitate the process of carcinogenesis. Disruption of about six to twelve cellular processes is required for neoplastic transformation of a cell. Many oncogenes and oncoproteins are being used as ‘tumour markers’ and ‘targets’ for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy as also for the development of new anticancer drugs. In the oncology research riding on the technological advances in genomics and proteomics has resulted in the generation of molecular portraits of various cancers in individuals, thus facilitating to provide individualistic treatment options. Considerable progress has been made in producing small molecules capable of inhibiting the enzymatic activity of Abl, Kit, EGFR, and ErbB2. For cases in which the oncogene products are not enzymes, it has been much more difficult to develop new agents. The discovery of the involvement of microRNAs in the initiation and progression of human cancer may provide additional targets for anticancer treatments.

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Evaluation of proliferative markers in canine mammary tumours

Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology (2008)

G.B. Manjunatha Reddy Ram Kumar Ravindra P. Veeranna Reghu Ravindran

The present investigation was carried out with an aim to study the different proliferative cell markers in spontaneous canine mammary tumours. Out of 67 suspected tumours cases, 63 were histopathologically confirmed as tumours with higher occurrence of malignant (50) than benign tumours (13). Benign tumours were identified as cystic fibroadenoma (7), benign mixed mammary tumour (3), papillary adenoma (2) and myoepithelioma (1). The malignant mammary tumours were malignant mixed mammary tumour (13), papillary adenocarcinoma (12), adenocarcinoma (10), solid carcinomas (8) and malignant myoepithelioma (7). There was significant difference in different proliferative markers, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR), proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and proliferative cell nuclear protein Ki-67 (Ki-67) indices between benign and malignant tumours except in mitotic index. There was also significant correlation between AgNOR, PCNA and Ki-67 indices (P<0.01) with Ki-67 index being highly sensitive than PCNA in differentiating and determining the proliferation rate of malignant and benign tumours.

Mitotic index

Myoepithelioma

Proliferation index

Ki-67

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Streptococcus suisinfection in slaughtered pigs and its association with pathological lesions in the lungs, brain and tonsils

Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology (2016)

Anand Prakash Ram Kumar R. Anoopraj G. Saikumar

To study the prevalence of Streptococcus suis infection and associated pathological lesions in pigs, representative specimens from lungs, brains and tonsils collected aseptically from 100 pigs from a local abattoir in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India were processed for bacterial isolation and histopathological examination. S. suis isolates were confirmed by colony characteristics, biochemical profiles and PCR using primers specific to 16S rRNA gene. S. suis was isolated from 9 pigs with pathological lesions in lungs (5), brain (3) and tonsil (1). Pathogenicity testing in mice revealed that 3 of the 9 isolates (2-lungs and 1-brain) were pathogenic to mice. The study revealed that therewas 9% prevalence of S. suis infection associated with pathological lesions in slaughtered pigs in Bareilly city.

Streptococcus suis

10.5958/0973-970x.2016.00029.8

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Canine dermal neoplasms: Evaluation of tumour proliferative fraction

Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology (2007)

G.B. Manjunatha Reddy Ram Kumar R.V.S. Pawaiya Reghu Ravindran

Out of 105 cases 42 (40%) were skin tumours, among them 23 (54.8%) were benign and 19 (45.2%) malignant in nature. Tumours were recorded in an average age group of 7.27 years. Benign tumours were canine cutaneous histiocytoma (23.8%), cavernous hemangioma (7.1%), mast cell tumour (7.1%), perianal gland adenoma (7.1%), fibroma (4.8%) and fibromyxoma (4.8%). The malignant were basal cell carcinoma (19.0%), squamous cell carcinoma (7.1%), fibrosarcoma (4.8%), myxosarcoma (4.8%), perianal gland adenocarcinoma (4.8%), epidermoid carcinoma (2.4%) and liposarcoma (2.4%). There was significant correlation between four cell proliferative markers viz, mitotic index, AgNOR count, PCNA and Ki-67 indices (P<0.01). Protein Ki-67 proved to be very sensitive followed by PCNA in differentiating and determining the malignant tumours. Even though AgNOR count and mitotic index differed between malignant and benign tumours, alone they served as poor makers in providing additional objective support for the histological grading of tumours.

Grading (engineering)

Mitotic index

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Peroxidase Isozyme Pattern in Pearl Millet Lines Resistant and Susceptible to Downy Mildew

Plant Breeding (1988)

S. S. Chahal Ram Kumar Jiwan S. Sidhu J. L. Minocha

Abstract Peroxidase isozyme patterns of five downy mildew (DM) resistant inbred lines (PIB‐57‐1, PIB‐1248, PIB‐1356, PIB‐1364 and PIB‐1440), five susceptible lines (PIB‐1335‐1‐1, PIB‐1314‐2‐2, PIB‐2231‐1, 7042 and PIB‐1530‐1‐1) and DM free plants from the susceptible lines of pearl millet were studied. The results suggested a possible involvement of an isoperoxidase (C9) in imparting the resistance. The involvement of two other isozymes (C5 and C6) was also indicated in the1 resistance mechanism. The specific differentiation m particular isozyme pattern can be a useful criterion for characterization of resistance to downy mildew.

10.1111/j.1439-0523.1988.tb00296.x

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Comparative study on the expression pattern of the proliferating cell markers PCNA and Ki67 in canine mammary tumours

Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology (2011)

G.J. Ranganath Ram Kumar Avinash Reddy K. Mayilkumar R.V.S. Pawaiya

In the present study, we analyzed the pattern of expression of proliferating cell markers PCNA and Ki67 semi-quantitatively by immunohistochemistry in different histological subtypes of canine mammary tumours. Immunostaining was performed by employing PC10 and PP67 monoclonal antihuman antibodies against PCNA and Ki67 respectively. Out of 103 canine mammary tumours 98 were diagnosed as malignant and only 5 diagnosed as benign tumours. Reactivity to PCNA and Ki67 localized to nuclei in non-mitotic cells; but in mitotic cells PCNA immunostaining was cytoplasmic and Ki-67 expression was chromosomal. Proliferation indices determined were generally higher for PCNA compared to Ki67. Intensity and distribution of staining was more in the basal layer of tubular and tubulopapillary carcinomas and adenomas however, in benign and malignant mixed tumours the intensity and numbers of positive cells were more just around the myoepithelial cell nests and cartilaginous or bony metaplasia. PCNA and Ki67 indices were significantly higher in malignant tumours compared to benign counterparts (P? 0.05). Among malignant tumours PCNA and Ki67 indices were significantly higher in osteosarcomas, carcinosarcomas and solid carcinomas compared to complex carcinomas, tubular carcinoma, tubulopapillary carcinoma, malignant mixed tumours, and fibrosarcomas (P?0.05), however, there was no significant difference was found between later 5 types. Further PCNA and Ki67 indices were positively correlated with each other in both benign and malignant tumours (P ? 0.01). In conclusion, high PCNA and Ki67 indices were associated with malignancy and poorly differentiated tumours.

Immunostaining

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