An adventitious rooting of softwood cuttings was evaluated according to leaf number and rooting media in Native Hydrangea serrata for. acuminate. The shoots were carried to the lab in polyethylene bags and were cut to create cuttings of approximately 10 cm length. Softwood cuttings were prepared with 0, 1, 1/2+1/2 or 2 leaves and were planted in four different rooting media of S1 (vermiculite), S2 (coir dust : perlite = 1:1, v/v), S3 (coir dust : vermiculite = 1:1, v/v), and S4 (peat moss : perlite : vermiculite = 1:1:1, v/v/v), respectively. In scope of observations, rooting percentage, survival rate, bud-burst, and growth of root were determined. The more leaves attached to the cuttings resulted in the higher rooting and survival rate, resulting in the highest rooting (93.3%) in cuttings with 2 leaves. At six weeks after cuttings, rooting and survival rate had a positive correlation with leaf number (R 2 = 0.90 and 0.96, respectively). Leafy stem cuttings increased growth of root, while bud-burst was delayed. In rooting media, stem cuttings grown at S4 was found to be the best rooting percentage (96.7%) among four types of rooting media. Rooting media such as S3 and S4 contributed to the increase in root length, number, fresh wt., and dry wt., while rooting media such as S1 and S2 resulted in poor root growth.
Risedronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, is widely used in the clinical field for the treatment of osteoporosis. Risedronate is known to exert its effects through binding to hydroxyapatite in bone tissue, inhibiting osteoclastic activity, and inducing apoptosis of osteoclasts. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of risedronate on osteoclast differentiation in vitro and on an inflammatory bone loss model in vivo. Risedronate inhibited osteoclast differentiation in co-culture of bone marrow cells (BMCs) and osteoblasts, and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) in a dose-dependent manner without toxicity. Risedronate significantly inhibited expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) c1 induced by RANKL. To examine the effect of risedronate on bone loss in vivo, we used a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated bone loss. Micro-CT analysis of the femurs showed that LPS treatment caused bone loss. However, bone loss was significantly attenuated in mice administered with risedronate. Taken together, we conclude that risedronate exerts beneficial effects on osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation both directly and indirectly. In infectious conditions, the inhibitory effect of risedronate on bone erosion was excellent. Thus risedronate could be a treatment option for osteoporosis caused by inflammatory and infectious conditions.
목적 본 연구는 수확시기별 단풍나무 추출물의 항산화 활성과 항균 활성을 비교하여, 생리활성이 높은 적정 수확시기 및 이용시기를 도출하고자 하였다. 방법 단풍나무 잎을 수확 시기별로 추출한 후, 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량,P DPH radical 소거 활성, 세포독성, 그리고 Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis 그리고 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 대해 항균 활성을 측정하였다. ê²°ê³¼ 단풍나무 추출물의 항산화 함량과 항산화 활성은 7월과 11월에 가장 높게 나타났다. RAW 264.7 세포에 대해서 7월과 11월의 시료 5-100 μg/mL 농도에서 높은 세포생존율을 나타냈다. 3종의 균주에 대한 항균 실험 결과, 시기별로 항균 활성에 차이를 나타냈다. ê²°ë¡ 단풍나무 추출물은 항산화 함량, 항산화 활성 및 항균 활성에서 시기별 차이를 보였으며, 항산화능이 높은 7월과 11월의 100 μg/mL 농도에서 높은 세포생존율을 보였다. 따라서 단풍나무 추출물을 천연 항산화제로서 활용할 경우 수확시기는 중요한 요소로 작용하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 7월과 11월이 최적의 수확 시기임을 확인하였다. 핵심용어: 단풍나무, 항산화 활성, 항균 활성, 세포독성, 시기별 변화
Despite the same purpose, each satellite product has different value because of its inescapable uncertainty. Also the satellite products have been calculated for a long time, and the kinds of the products are various and enormous. So the efforts for reducing the uncertainty and dealing with enormous data will be necessary. In this paper, we create an ensemble Sea Surface Temperature (SST) using MODIS Aqua, MODIS Terra and COMS (Communication Ocean and Meteorological Satellite). We used Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) as ensemble method. The principle of the BMA is synthesizing the conditional probability density function (PDF) using posterior probability as weight. The posterior probability is estimated using EM algorithm. The BMA PDF is obtained by weighted average. As the result, the ensemble SST showed the lowest RMSE and MAE, which proves the applicability of BMA for satellite data ensemble. As future work, parallel processing techniques using Hadoop framework will be adopted for more efficient computation of very big satellite data.
This study aimed to investigate the perception of community gardens by urban citizens, who are the potential end-users and to establish baseline data to be used in the planning of community gardens. The study was conducted by surveying 200 people living in metropolitan area and 140 people living in non-metropolitan area from October 7 to October 10, 2016. The surveyed urban residents agree that community gardens are necessary, although there is a slight difference in their perception depending on the type of housing and residential area. More specifically, residents who have seen gardens and those that have experience in gardening strongly support for the need of community gardens. Community gardens should primarily satisfy both comfort and aesthetic functions. The surveyed residents focused on the function of the garden to improve personal satisfaction and quality of life. In addition, they expect personal benefits such as physical and psychological health promotion; and public benefits such as increased amenity and community vitalization from the creation of community gardens. Residents were strongly willing to participate in the planning, construction and management of community gardens. Therefore, community gardens should be designed to improve the living environments, prevent crime, provide leisurely space, promote physical and mental health, and provide visual pleasure. These will effectively improve the quality of life of urban residents and contribute to the revitalization of the community.