The complete mitochondrial genome of Appias albina (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) was firstly sequenced and characterized in our study. The total length of mitogenome is 15,193 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 1 A + T-rich region. The overall nucleotide composition was 38.4% of A, 8.0% of G, 40.9% of T, and 12.4% of C. Phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using Bayesian Inference (BI) to validate the taxonomic status of A. albina, exhibiting the close relationship with Appias remedios.
The development of breast cancer is the consequence of uncontrolled growth and division of breast-ductal epithelial cells. While many factors contribute to its etiology, estrogen hormones within the context of many interrelated growth signaling pathways play critical roles for the initiation and development of breast cancer. The effects of estrogens are primarily mediated by the estrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and beta. ER mediates a complex array of genomic and non-genomic events that orchestrate cellular metabolism, mitogenesis, morphogenesis, motogenesis, and apoptosis. The current modalities for the treatment of breast cancer have centered on the development of agents with diverse pharmacology to reduce/ablate the circulating estrogens or to alter/prevent ER function. Approaches to perturb the estrogen environment are successful usually in the remission of established tumors. However, many breast tumors are not responsive or eventually develop resistance to endocrine therapies. Despite considerable effort, the mechanism for the non-responsiveness and acquisition of resistance remains unclear. The establishment of hormone responsiveness is one of the current approaches for the development of an effective therapeutic modality for de novo resistant breast tumors. Re-establishment of loss of ER synthesis/function, on the other hand, constitutes a primary therapeutic goal for acquired resistance neoplasms. We have recently engineered transregulatory proteins that specifically targeted and robustly regulated estrogen responsive genes independent of ligand, ER-subtype and cell-context. The targeted regulation of estrogen responsive gene networks by these designer transregulators could provide a basis for the development of novel approaches for experimental biology and medicine.
To study the heavy metal accumulation and its impact on insect exterior and chromosome morphology, and reveal the molecular mechanism of insects adapting to long-term heavy metal compound pollution habitats, this study, in the Diaojiang river basin, which has been polluted by heavy metals(HMs) for nearly a thousand years, two Eucriotettix oculatus populations was collected from mining and non-mining areas. It was found that the contents of 7 heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Sn, Sb) in E. oculatus of the mining area were higher than that in the non-mining 1–11 times. The analysis of morphology shows that the external morphology, the hind wing type and the chromosomal morphology of E. oculatus are significant differences between the two populations. Based on the heavy metal accumulation,morphological change, and stable population density, it is inferred that the mining area population has been affected by heavy metals and has adapted to the environment of heavy metals pollution. Then, by analyzing the transcriptome of the two populations, it was found that the digestion, immunity, excretion, endocrine, nerve, circulation, reproductive and other systems and lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and other cell structure-related gene expression were suppressed. This shows that the functions of the above-mentioned related systems of E. oculatus are inhibited by heavy metal stress. However, it has also been found that through the significant up-regulation of genes related to the above system, such as ATP2B, pepsin A, ubiquitin, AQP1, ACOX, ATPeV0A, SEC61A, CANX, ALDH7A1, DLD, aceE, Hsp40, and catalase, etc., and the down-regulation of MAPK signalling pathway genes, can enhanced nutrient absorption, improve energy metabolism, repair damaged cells and degrade abnormal proteins, maintain the stability of cells and systems, and resist heavy metal damage so that E. oculatus can adapt to the environment of heavy metal pollution for a long time.
To investigate the influence of peroxidative injury in rat myocardium on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) during early postburn stage.Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were employed in the study and were randomly divided into sham scald (SS) and scald groups. The rats in scald groups were inflicted with 30% TBSA III degree scalding and were further divided into 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 post-scald hour (PSH) groups. The mtDNA deletion was determined by semi-quantitative PCR. The rat myocardial tissue samples were harvested and homogenized and the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined.There was no mtDNA deletion in the rat myocardium in SS group. Partial or complete large fragment (4.8 kb) mtDNA deletion in the rat myocardium was identified at 1, 3 and 24 PSHs (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The SOD activity in the rat myocardium significantly decreased at 1 PSH, reaching the lowest level (76.90 +/- 8.30 U/mg) at 6 PSH, but the MDA content increased evidently at 1 PSH, peaking [(3.17 +/- 0.80) nmol/mg] at 6 PSH (P < 0.05).Peroxidative injury to the rat myocardium during early postburn stage might be the principal cause of the 4834 bp deletion of mtDNA in rat myocardium.
Two new species of the tetrigid genus Eucriotettix Hebard from China, namely Eucriotettix tridentatus sp. nov. and Eucriotettix torulisinotus sp. nov. are described. The distribution and an updated key to the species of the genus from China is given.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E7E5EA3B-92ED-450F-9D1C-74569148D4F8
Many physiological functions in crustaceans adapt to daily environmental change through circadian changes. However, the daily variation of the gut bacterial community composition has not been reported for crustaceans. In this study, we aimed to identify and elaborate on 24 h dynamic variations in the gut bacterial community of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). To this end, we processed gut samples from crabs collected at four time points (6:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 24:00) in a 24 h period and applied 16 S rRNA high-throughput gene sequencing. The gut bacterial community alpha-diversity and richness were highest in the samples collected at 18:00. Vagococcus salmoninarum was the most abundant species in the 12:00 samples, and Vibrio rumoiensis was the most abundant species in the 18:00 samples. Thus, our findings suggest that the daily variation may affect the response of the gut bacterial community to oxidative stress, and even affect the innate immune response of E. sinensis. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were identified as the dominant phyla in the gut bacterial community network. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the daily change in the gut microbiome composition of a crustacean species, E. sinensis. Our findings provide new insight into the 24 h dynamic variations of gut bacteria in crustaceans and may be useful for improving E. sinensis aquaculture.
Transferring the genome of distant species to crops is an efficient way to create new germplasms. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear. In this study, a new rice restorer line R21 with heat tolerance was created by introgressing the genomic DNA of sorghum into the recipient restorer line Jin Hui 1. Assembly of rice R21 and Jin Hui 1 genomes was performed using PacBio sequencing technology. Comparative genome analysis and coverage statistics showed that the repetitive sequence atr0026 was a candidate introgression fragment of sorghum DNA. Sequence similarity analysis revealed that atr0026 was distributed at different copy numbers on the telomeric position of chromosomes 9 or 10 in R21, Jin Hui 1, and several rice varieties, indicating that the repetitive sequence from sorghum was highly conserved in rice. The repeat annotation in Gramineae indicated that ribosomal DNA loci that existed in atr0026 may be cause a rearrangement of chromosomes 9 and 10 of the R21 genome, resulting in a copy number variation at the 5' end of it. Our study lays the foundation for further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the heat tolerance of sorghum DNA introgression variant line R21, which is of great significance for guiding crop genetic breeding.
The genus Scelimena Serville (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from China is reviewed. One species, Scelimena spicupennis Zheng & Ou, 2003 (China: Yunnan) is redescribed, and a new record of Scelimena discalis (Hancock, 1915) from China is given. An annotated identification key for Chinese species of the genus Scelimena is provided. Mitochondrial genes of S. spicupennis and S. discalis were sequenced and annotated. The sizes of the two sequenced mitogenomes are 17,552 bp ( S. discalis ), and 16,069 bp ( S. spicupennis ), respectively. All of the PCGs started with the typical ATN (ATT, ATC or ATG) or TTG codon and most ended with complete TAA or TAG codon, with the exception of the ND5 gene, which terminated with an incomplete T. The mitochondrial genomes for these two recorded species are provided, and the constructed phylogenetic tree supports their morphological taxonomic classification. The topology of the phylogenetic tree showed that three species of Scelimena were clustered into one branch and formed a monophyletic and a holophyletic group.
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