Establishment of Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) and Risk Assessment for Ephedrine, Menichlopholan, Anacolin, and Etisazole Hydrochloride-Anacolin,Ephedrine,Etisazole hydrochloride,Menichlopholan,Risk assessment
Central venous catheterization is a common diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in modern clinical practice. Pseudoaneurysms of the subclavian artery are rare and usually occur immediately after the causative event, whether the cause was trauma or a medical procedure. Here, we report a case of a 71-year-old woman with delayed presentation of catheter-related subclavian pseudoaneurysm. The patient's symptoms began two weeks after the initial catheterization, probably because of slow leakage of blood from the injured subclavian artery caused by incomplete compression of the puncture site and uremic coagulopathy. She was successfully treated with ultrasound-guided thrombin and angiography-guided histoacryl injection without stent insertion or surgery.
Dysphagia is difficulty in swallowing that can be caused by a number of disorders that involve either the oropharynx or the esophagus.Specific endoscopic treatment for dysphagia depends on its etiology, whether the dysphagia is caused by mechanical narrowing or a motor disorder.Variable endoscopic treatment strategies can be used to manage dysphagia.Patient with dysfunction of the upper esophageal sphincter may benefit from esophageal dilationor injection of botulinum toxin.Pneumatic balloon dilation, injection of botulinum toxin, peroral endoscopic myotomy can be considered as treatment options for esophageal motility disorders.Endoscopic dilation is the treatment choice of esophageal stricture, while intraluminal steroid injection and temporary stent can be considered in refractory benign esophageal stricture.Self-expandable metal stent insertion can be considered for dysphagia with malignant cause.(
Background: HIV-infected patients with HAART-related lipodystrophy are frequently insulin resistant and at risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with steatohepatitis (NASH). The transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARα, PPARγ1/PPARγ2) and sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP-1) regulate liver lipid metabolism. Here, we examined whether their expression was modified and related to liver injury in HIV-infected patients. Methods: Fourteen HAART-treated HIV patients (nine with and five without insulin resistance) who had liver biopsy because of unexplained elevated transaminases were compared with nine non-HIV age-and body mass index-matched patients with NAFLD and 10 controls without steatosis. Hepatic expression of PPARs and SREBP-1 was assessed by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Liver histology showed NASH in six of nine insulin-resistant lipodystrophic and two of five non-insulin-resistant HIV patients. Compared with NAFLD or control subjects, expression of SREBP-1 was significantly higher only in HIV-insulin-resistant patients (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02) whereas, compared to controls, HIV-insulin-resistant, HIV-non-insulin-resistant and NAFLD patients had lower expressions of PPARγ1 (P = 0.03, P = 0.05 and P = 0.01) and PPARγ2 (P = 0.04, P = 0.05 and P = 0.01). Among HIV patients, the percentage of steatosis was positively correlated with SREBP-1 expression (r = 0.62, P = 0.04) whereas the score of fibrosis was inversely correlated with PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 expression (r = −0.57, P = 0.03 and r = −0.6, P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion: Insulin-resistant lipodystrophic HIV-infected patients may develop NASH. Steatosis is associated with overexpression of SREBP-1 and fibrosis with decreased expression of PPARγ1 and PPARγ2. These results suggest that altered expression of SREBP-1 and PPARγ could contribute to the pathogenesis of steatosis and fibronecrotic changes in insulin-resistant lipodystrophic patients.
Abstract The characteristics of what is considered a beautiful face differ between Eastern and Western countries. The authors of this study analyzed beauty pageant contestants using a three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetric analysis tool. All of the 3D photographs were taken between October and November 2016 in Seoul, Korea. The participants were 43 Miss Korea contestants (Group I) and 22 Miss Paraguay contestants (Group II). In absolute length, those in Group I had longer upper and middle faces. In the proportions of volume and length, Group I had larger upper and middle faces than Group II. Widths of the lower face and entire face were also wider in Group I. The lower facial index was larger in Group I. Group I had longer noses and wider intercanthal distance, not only in absolute length but also in proportion to the face. Group II showed thicker lips, longer chins, and wider noses relative to the face. Group II had wide eyes, in the absolute measurement and in proportion to the face. Group I participants appeared to have an increased height of eyes and had wider angles in their faces as well as wider nasofrontal, labiomental, and nasomental angles. The authors objectively established reference data for faces that are considered attractive in the East and the West. The data are expected to contribute to the clinical practice of plastic surgeons.
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