Comparison of Facial Proportions Between Eastern and Western Attractive Young Women
Chang YiMin Ji KimSung-Chan KimMiguel Ángel Gaxiola-GarcíaWoo Shik JeongKyung S. KohChang‐Hun HuhHee Jin KimWoo Sun LeeJong Woo Choi
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Abstract The characteristics of what is considered a beautiful face differ between Eastern and Western countries. The authors of this study analyzed beauty pageant contestants using a three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetric analysis tool. All of the 3D photographs were taken between October and November 2016 in Seoul, Korea. The participants were 43 Miss Korea contestants (Group I) and 22 Miss Paraguay contestants (Group II). In absolute length, those in Group I had longer upper and middle faces. In the proportions of volume and length, Group I had larger upper and middle faces than Group II. Widths of the lower face and entire face were also wider in Group I. The lower facial index was larger in Group I. Group I had longer noses and wider intercanthal distance, not only in absolute length but also in proportion to the face. Group II showed thicker lips, longer chins, and wider noses relative to the face. Group II had wide eyes, in the absolute measurement and in proportion to the face. Group I participants appeared to have an increased height of eyes and had wider angles in their faces as well as wider nasofrontal, labiomental, and nasomental angles. The authors objectively established reference data for faces that are considered attractive in the East and the West. The data are expected to contribute to the clinical practice of plastic surgeons.Dicyclic group
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A longitudinal design was used to examine (a) the relationship between group member perceptions of engagement at the session (within-member), member (within-group), and group (between-groups) level and members’ feeling involved and valued, and (b) how the person– group fit and misfit at the session and member level predicts members feeling involved and valued. Data came from 112 students in 18 groups enrolled in an undergraduate group dynamics class. At each session, group members completed measures of the group’s engagement climate and items that assessed members feeling involved and valued. The engagement ratings were decomposed into between-group, within-group, and within-member components. Hierarchical Linear Modeling and Response Surface Analysis were used to analyze decomposed engagement and Involved/Valued scores. Results indicated that (a) members’ Involved/Valued scores were related to an engaged group climate at the session (within-member), member (within-group), and group (between-group) level; (b) within-group and within-member fit in perceptions of engaged climate positively predicted members feeling involved and valued; and (c) within-group and within-member misfit, interpreted as an “optimistic bias” (a member’s general rating of the group or her/his rating of a session is high but the group’s general rating is low) was associated with members feeling more involved and valued, than a “pessimistic bias.” Study results highlight the importance of decomposing engagement, and examining person– group fit in engagement perceptions, at the intraindividual, interpersonal, and group-as-a-whole levels to best understand its nuanced relationship between engagement and members feeling involved and valued.
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In this chapter I will discuss the dynamics in a team group as a whole, the experience of individuals in the group and the ‘group’ in the mind of an individual. Although I will be considering a particular level – a group, an individual in the group, or a group in the individual – these levels are fundamentally interconnected and mutually dependant and continuously influence each other.
Group dynamic
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of group problem solving. Group problem solving involves complementary, divisible, optimizing, intellective tasks for which a demonstrably correct answer exists within a conceptual system. Group problem solving may be analyzed in terms of four basic constructs: group task, group structure, group process, and group product. The group task is what the group is attempting to do. Group structure is the organization of the group, including (a) roles, the different positions within the group, (b) norms, the expected beliefs and behaviors for the group members, and (c) member characteristics, the demographic, physical, and psychological attributes of each group member. Group process is how the group members interact with and influence one another. Finally, group product is the collective group response or output. The correspondence of the product to the objective of the group defines success or failure and determines the rewards or punishments for the group members.
Task group
Group action
Group process
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London, England *Presented originally as a portion of a paper, “Some Anomalies of Binocular Vision,” at the Jubilee Congress of the London Refraction Hospital, London, England, October, 1947. Submitted on December 17, 1947, for publication in the March, 1948, issue of the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY AND ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPTOMETRY. †Optometrist. Fellow of the British Optical Association.
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The author with many other geologists have done research on metamorphic rocks,which distribute intensively over the northeast of Jiangxi and the south Anhui.They consider that Shuanqiaoshan group only distributes in Yangtz plate,belonging to Xiushui-Qimen structural unit as a set of Smith stratum.The Shuanqiaoshan group can be divided into four groups,Hengyong group,Jilin group,Anlelin group and Xiushui group.Non-Smith stratum,Zhanggongshan groups did not exist in Shuangqiaoshan group.Non-Smith stratum only develops in migmatite complex belt of Jiangnan.The Shuanqiaoshan group is different from the Xikou group,Wannian group and Zhangcun group.
Stratum
Migmatite
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An algorithm to compute all group elements with group generators is given, which can be used to compute all elements of point group, space group and other general groups. The group elements of point group Oh and space group I23 have been computed by this method, which indicates that this method is an efficient method to compute group elements with generators.
Main group element
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