We have previously shown that non-digestible saccharides (NDS) stimulate intestinal Ca absorption via tight junctions. However, the cellular mechanisms activated by the NDS are not yet known. We investigated the effects of four NDS, difructose anhydride (DFA) III, DFAIV, fructo-oligosaccharides, and maltitol, on intracellular Ca signalling in isolated rat small-intestinal enterocytes. The changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration were measured before and after the addition of capric acid (7.5 or 15 mmol/l, a positive control), glycerol, or each NDS (1 or 10 mmol/l) to fura-2-loaded enterocytes. Treatment with capric acid or each NDS caused an immediate and dose-dependent rise in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Mechanical and osmotic stimulation achieved by adding glycerol had no effect on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in enterocytes treated with DFAIII and fructo-oligosaccharides reached a peak level at about 30 s after stimulation, but those treated with DFAIV and maltitol showed further increases after the initial rapid rise. The maximum change in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration obtained by the application of maltitol was higher than that of DFAIII at 10 mmol/l. These findings suggest that each of the four NDS directly stimulates rat enterocytes, and increases intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Thus, molecular structure may be more important than the size of the NDS in the induction of Ca signalling in the cells.
An enhancement FOS on improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by a flavonoid glycoside, Q3G, and their mechanisms were studied. Rats were fed a sucrose‐based diet with or without 0.3% Q3G, 5% FOS, or 0.3% Q3G+5% FOS, while dextrin‐based diet was used for a normal reference group. OGTTs were conducted on day 14, 28, 45. Flavonoid levels in the aortic blood were measured by LC/MS. Body weight gain was lowered in Q3G+FOS group without changes in food intake. Abdominal fat weights and cecal pH were reduced in both the FOS‐fed groups without any effects of Q3G. Combination of Q3G and FOS only reduced blood glucose levels at 60 min in all OGTTs. HOMA‐IR showed an improvement in the Q3G+FOS group on day 14 and 28. On day 45, the value was improved in the individual FOS or Q3G group, and was further improved in the FOS+Q3G group. A much higher blood level of quercetin was observed in the FOS+Q3G group compared with the Q3G group, which may contribute the combination effects of Q3G and FOS. Secretion of GLP‐1 observed in the small intestinal loops of anesthetized rats and in vivo experiment were increased by addition of quercetin to luminal fluid containing FOS. This may involve in the improvement of glucose tolerance. In conclusion, FOS increases bioavailability of Q3G, and enhanced beneficial effects of Q3G on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, which have a potential for prevention of type 2 diabetes. Grant Funding Source : Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of actinomycin D on localization of acridine orange (AO) binding to DNA in rat astrocytoma C6 cells and to discuss briefly the significance of AO chromatin interaction products. Actinomycin D markedly inhibited 3H‐uridine incorporation into RNA and the percentage of AO positive cells was reduced to approximately 40% of that of the untreated control cells, whereas no distinct decrease of 3H‐thymidine incorporation was induced by actinomycin D. Electron microscopic radioautography combined with the AO ultracytochemistry revealed that silver grains indicating binding of 3H‐actinomycin D are located mostly over the euchromatin portion near the segregated nucleolus and heterochromatin and that no or only a few AO chromatin complex was found in nuclei labeled heavily with 3 H‐actinomycin D. The results of the present study together with the results of the previous studies seem to indicate that AO might selectively bind to active or derepressed DNA template sites for DNA dependent RNA polymerase in the euchromatin portion of the cell nucleus.
Abstract Die Bleitetraacetat‐Oxidation der Hydroxy‐methoxytetrahydroisochinoline (I), (V), (VIII) und (XII) führt zu den 0‐Chinolacetaten (III), (VI), (IX) bzw. (XIII), die in Essigsäure zu den Verbindungen.
An international team of 21 scientists from 14 countries, working under the auspices of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch Scientific Advisory Group for Precipitation Chemistry, has produced a global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition. This assessment appears in a Special Issue of the journal, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 93 (2014), and includes three articles: Preface by Guest Editors, Robert Vet (Environment Canada), Richard Artz (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), and Silvina Carou (Environment Canada). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.013. Robert Vet, Richard S. Artz, Silvina Carou, Mike Shaw, Chul-Un Ro, Wenche Aas, Alex Baker, Van C. Bowersox, Frank Dentener, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Amy Hou, Jacobus J. Pienaar, Robert Gillett, M. Cristina Forti, Sergey Gromov, Hiroshi Hara, Tamara Khodzer, Natalie M. Mahowald, Slobodan Nickovic, P.S.P. Rao, and Neville W. Reid. A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060. Addendum by Vet, et al. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.017. The goal of the assessment was to provide the international science and policy communities with the best available data and information on regionally-representative precipitation chemistry and atmospheric deposition. The information in this publication, together with the supporting data and maps, is an important contribution to the study of atmospheric deposition and to related scientific studies, such as the study of ecosystem impacts, human health effects, nutrient processing, climate change, global and hemispheric modeling, and biogeochemical cycling. Data used in the assessment included best-available estimates of precipitation concentrations and wet, dry, and total deposition of major ions, sea salt, and phosphorus in North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the oceans for two periods, 2000-2002 and 2005-2007. Due to the limited contemporary data for phosphorus and organic acids, it was necessary to extend the study period back to the mid-1990s for these species. In order to fill gaps in the geographic coverage of the measurements, 2000-2002 data were combined with 2001 ensemble-mean results from 21 global chemical transport models. The model results were produced during Phase I of the Coordinated Model Studies Activities of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (Dentener, et al. 2006. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20, 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002672. Maps of major ions in precipitation and deposition were generated from the combined measurement and model results. A major product of the assessment was the preparation of data sets of quality-assured ion concentrations and wet deposition, dry deposition estimates, and model results. Use and publication of the global assessment data sets for scientific, policy-related, or educational purposes are encouraged. Please use the following citation to identify the data set and its source: Vet, R., R.S. Artz, S. Carou, M. Shaw, C.-U. Ro, W. Aas, A. Baker, V.C. Bowersox, F. Dentener, C. Galy-Lacaux, A. Hou, J.J. Pienaar, R. Gillett, M.C. Forti, S. Gromov, H. Hara, T. Khodzher, N.M. Mahowald, S. Nickovic, P.S.P. Rao, N.W. Reid. 2019. Data associated with the following publication: Vet et al. (2014). A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus. Atmospheric Environment, 93, 3-100, August 2014, doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060. Enter data file name(s) accessed from the World Data Centre for Precipitation Chemistry. Please also include the following acknowledgment in publications: The authors gratefully acknowledge the sources of precipitation chemistry and deposition data acknowledged on page 92 of Vet et al. (2014) Atmospheric Environment, 93, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.060.
The saturation parameter of a cw CO2 gasdynamic laser was calculated from consecutive measurements of output power and small-signal gain performed at the same experimental conditions. The measurement of small-signal gain was made as a function of the of the H2O concentration in the laser gas; measurements of output power were done as a function of the H2O concentration in the laser gas and as a function of laser-cavity diffraction loss which was varied by changing the diameter of an aperture placed in the laser cavity. Saturation parameters obtained by both methods coincide with each other, Is=3.0 kW/cm2. This value is insensitive to the H2O concentration and this behavior is qualitatively explained by a two-level model.
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Hematopoietic progenitor cells were shown to be capable of differentiating into myeloid, B cell and T cell lineages. We used a two-step culture system in which enriched murine hematopoietic progenitors in bone marrow were first plated in viscid culture medium containing methylcellulose, erythropoietin (EPO), stem cell factor (SCF) and interleukin (IL)-7. One thousand enriched murine marrow cells formed 53.5 +/- 12.1 (mean +/- SD) primary colonies. Cells from a single blast colony were separated into two aliquots and replated in secondary methylcellulose cultures containing SCF and IL-7 for B cell lineage and SCF, IL-3, G-CSF, GM-CSF and EPO for myeloid lineage. Next, cells from five to ten primary blast colonies were cultured again in embryonal thymus (25 Gy irradiated). One aliquot of blast colonies in a primary culture contained four colony forming units (CFU) of granulocytes, erythroblasts, macrophages and megakaryocytes, eight CFU-granulocytes and macrophages, and 28 BFU-E in a representative secondary myeloid culture. Another aliquot formed a few B cell colonies (2-10) in a secondary B cell culture. B lymphoid colonies were composed of blast-like cells with B-220 antigen. T cells in a secondary T cell culture consisted of 16% L3T4+, 16% CD8+ and 11% CD3+ of bone marrow origin in the thymus. From these results, we concluded that cells in the primary colonies from Sca-1+Lin- hematopoietic stem cells could differentiate into B cell, T cell and myeloid lineages.
Treatment with acetic anhydride-conc. sulufuric acid of o-quinol acetates (7, 11, 18, 19, 20, 28 and 34), which were derived from the corresponding 6-hydroxy-7-methoxytetrahydroisoquinolines (6, 12, 15, 16, 17, 27 and 31), gave the 5, 6-diacetates (8, 13, 21, 22, 23, 29 and 33, respectively). The diacetates were transformed into the corresponding 5, 6, 7-trimethoxytetrahydroisoquinolines (10, 14, 24, 25, 26, 30 and 32) by hydrolysis and subsequent methylation.
