정수처리 방식에 있어서 소형화의 필요성이 증대됨에 따라 복합적인 기능을 갖는 단일구조 여과재 개발이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 단일구조를 가지는 필터개발을 위하여 활성탄과 고분자 바인더로 구성된 성형체를 압출소결방식으로 제조하여, 제조된 성형체의 밀도, 공극률 및 유량을 평가하여, 최대유량을 가지는 성형체의 최적 압출온도를 결정하였다. 또한 성형체의 공극률 평가에 있어서 전체 공극률뿐만 아니라 관통형 기공의 공극률을 추가로 평가하여 유량과의 상관성을 평가하였다. 압출온도가 고분자 바인더의 Melting point인 $133^{\circ}C$ 이상인 $140{\sim}230^{\circ}C$에서 단일구조 복합 활성탄 성형체 구성이 가능하였으며, 압출온도 $170^{\circ}C$가 복합성형체의 밀도가 낮고, 관통기공의 공극률이 높아, 최대유량을 가지는 복합성형체의 제조가 가능한 최적 압출온도로 확인되었다. 또한 복합성형체를 통해 흐르는 물의 유량은 성형체의 전체 공극률 보다 관통형기공의 공극률에 크게 의존함을 알 수 있었다. As the need for miniaturization in water purification filter increases, the development of filter media for single filtration with multiple function was strongly required. In this study, the molded activated carbon composed of single unit was manufactured by extrusion-sintering process, and then the flow rate, density and porosity were investigated using the molded activated carbon manufactured at various extrusion temperature. We confirmed that it was possible to manufacture the single unit-molded activated carbon when the extrusion temperature was $140{\sim}230^{\circ}C$ more than $133^{\circ}C$ being of polymer binder melting point, and the optimal extrusion temperature for the molded activated carbon with maximum flow rate was $170^{\circ}C$ since the molded activated carbon had low density and high through porosity. Also we confirmed that the flow rate through the molded activated carbon was strongly dependent upon through pore porosity compared to total porosity for the molded activated carbon.
본 논문에서는 미국의 아폴로 프로그램 중에 제작된 달 착륙 동영상을 입력으로 월면 우주인의 군중애니메이션 및 가상 달 체험 시스템을 제안한다. 전처리 과정으로, 달 착륙 동영상을 바탕으로 KLT 신체 특징점 추적 알고리즘을 이용하여 걷기, 달리기, 스키핑(skipping), 제자리 뛰기 등의 모션데이터베이스를 구축한다. 이를 이용하여 가상체험을 진행하는 동안에는 RGBD 카메라를 통해 사용자의 동작을 인식하고 이를 가장 근사한 데이터베이스의 동작으로 매핑하여 개별 우주인 동작을 제어한다. 또한 다수간의 우주인들간의 충돌 없는 매끄러운 군중애니메이션 생성을 위하여 RVO (Reciprocal Velocity Obstacle)를 적용하여 다수의 월면우주인을 포함한 가상체험 시스템을 구축하였다. 따라서, 실제 달 착륙 동영상을 바탕으로 고안된 본 시스템은 실감적이고 생동감 있는 동작을 생성해 내며, 다양한 우주인 캐릭터의 동작을 자연스럽게 생성한다.
Abstract Introduction: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), defined as tumor cells detached from the primary tumor site and circulating in the peripheral blood, are a promising marker to get the information about tumor status and metastatic potential. However, the limited detection ability as well as their biased specificity of current CTC isolation struggle from understanding the comprehensive characteristics of CTCs. In addition, previous CTC isolation depending on epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibody make their cytological and pathological study hard. We developed the methods which capture CTCs based on their size and deformability, and construct a hydrogel-assisted cell block for verifying the diagnostic utility for various cancer-associated immuno-markers and their pathological studies. Methods: Two renal cell carcinoma cell lines, SN12C and 769P, and 7 different cancer patients’ blood with renal cell carcinoma were used. To find the applicable markers for diagnosing renal cell carcinoma, we constructed the cell blocks of two cell lines. For the encapsulation of the cells, 4 % alginate was prepared by dissolving in deionized water under constant stirring at 85 °C. Then, the separately prepared renal cancer cells were gently mixed into the dissolved alginate solution. After careful mixing, the solution was loaded into calcium chloride solution drop by drop using volume pipette, followed by 15 min of further incubation with constant stirring. Next, the cell-containing beads were applied to the commonly used procedure for paraffin tissue blocks, and 8 different cancer-associated immuno-markers (EpCAM, CK (AE1/AE3), CAM5.2, EMA, CD10, CA IX, RCC, and vimentin) were stained with each dissected cell blocks. The CTCs from the 7 clinical samples were isolated by tapered-slit filter, and cell containing slides were immunohistochemically stained and examined by pathologist. Results: The four markers, EpCAM, CK (AE1/AE3), CD10, and vimentin in the SN12C cell block were highly expressed. The three markers, CK (AE1/AE3), CD10, and vimentin in the 769-P cell block were predominantly expressed. The EpCAM, CK (AE1/AE3), and CD10 are chosen as the potential immunomarkers for CTC-based diagnosing for RCC. In the clinical study using the 0.5-3.0 ml of blood samples, CTCs were successfully isolated and detected immunohistochemically in 57.1 % (4 of 7) of patients and ranged from 1 to 5. Of 4 CTC positive samples, two had CK (AE1/AE3) positive, each one had EpCAM and CD10 positive CTCs, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: Although the vimentin is highly expressed in both cell blocks, due to diffuse positivity for leukocyte, single use of vimentin for cancer diagnosis is limited. This comprehensive study including immuno-markers screening and their applicability test with clinical samples demonstrates the clinical utility of the present device and hydrogel-assisted cell block for CTC isolation and cancer studies. Citation Format: Yoon-Tae Kang, Young Jun Kim, Tae Hee Lee, Hee Jin Chang, Hyun-Moo Lee, Young-Ho Cho. Hydrogel-assisted pathological study of the circulating tumor cells filtered from the renal cell carcinoma patients’ blood [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3775. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3775
Abstract This work presents chemically stable and biodegradable hydrogel beads for the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating exosomes in liquid biopsy. The liquid biopsy hydrogel beads ( LB beads) consisting of alginate and poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels show both chemical stability and stimuli‐degradable characteristics. Unlike single‐component hydrogels, this hybrid form is not easily degraded by buffers or cell culture media while its degradable characteristic remains; thus, it is useful in bio‐applications requiring multi‐step processes with various reagents and lengthy incubation periods. We applied our platform to clinical samples for isolating two promising circulating biomarkers for a liquid biopsy, CTCs and exosomes, by conjugating the hydrogel surface with anti‐EpCAM and anti‐CD63 antibodies, respectively, thus achieving 37.4 CTCs and comparable amount of exosome recovery per 1 milliliter of blood. The results show easy device‐free isolation and retrieval of CTCs and exosomes, with recovered circulating biomarkers successfully analyzed by western blot analysis and fluorescence microscopy. We believe that this simple and versatile platform enables us to isolate prominent circulating biomarkers for clinical use in cancer diagnosis.
The purpose of our study was to determine useful CT criteria for differentiating serous oligocystic adenomas of the pancreas from other similarly presenting neoplasms, such as mucinous cystadenoma and intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the branch duct type.Forty-one patients with histologically confirmed macrocystic neoplasms of the pancreas were enrolled: serous oligocystic adenoma in 10 patients, mucinous cystadenoma in 13, and intraductal papillary mucinous tumor in 18. Location, greatest dimension, shape, presence of mural nodules, presence of wall calcification, and the extent and degree of main pancreatic duct (MPD) dilatation were analyzed with CT. The lesions were categorized into seven groups according to their shapes: multicystic, lobulated contour with and without internal septation, smooth contour with and without internal septation, pleomorphic cystic, and clubbed fingerlike cystic. Comparative studies were performed using Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test.Significant differences in lesion shape were found between serous oligocystic adenoma and the other macrocystic neoplasms (mucinous cystadenoma [p < 0.05], intraductal papillary mucinous tumor [p < 0.05]). Serous oligocystic adenoma had a multicystic or lobulated contour with or without septation, whereas mucinous cystadenoma had a smooth contour with or without septation and intraductal papillary mucinous tumor had either a pleomorphic or a clubbed fingerlike cystic shape. Serous oligocystic adenoma showed proximal MPD dilatation from the lesion, whereas intraductal papillary mucinous tumor showed distal or whole MPD dilatation (p < 0.05). No significant difference was apparent among the three diseases in terms of location, greatest dimension, or presence of calcification or mural nodules.Serous oligocystic adenoma of the pancreas has characteristic CT findings that differentiate it from other cystic tumors. It appears as a multicystic or lobulated cystic lesion with septation.
Urbanization and population growth demand the construction of structures to facilitate demands for space, and old infrastructures must make space for new ones leading to demolition and concrete debris. In addition to demolition, aging and weather are factors leading to concrete deterioration and, thus, a new challenge as an environmental pollutant. Studies on how concrete debris and leachate affect biota in the environment are limited. The present study aimed to understand the effect of leachate from various sizes of concrete debris on three oligochaete species Enchytraeus crypticus, Tubifex tubifex, and Lumbriculus variegatus. Acute toxicity testing is carried out to determine the adverse effects over time. The oligochaetes’ survival was monitored as well as the activity of biotransformation enzyme glutathione S-transferase and the antioxidative enzyme catalase as indicators of the oxidative stress status. Leachate from the smallest concrete particle size (< 1mm) was found to be the most toxic, potentially due to the larger surface area facilitating the release of toxicants. Substrate buffered the toxic effect of the leachate with fewer mortalities and reduced adverse effects on the enzymes. Of the three oligochaetes, E. crypticus was the most resilient to the concrete leachate. The study is the first to investigate the effects of concrete leachate on oligochaetes.
We present a microfluidic device for the capture and release of circulating exosomes from human blood. The exosome-specific dual-patterned immunofiltration (ExoDIF) device is composed of two distinct immuno-patterned layers, and is capable of enhancing the chance of binding between the antibody and exosomes by generating mechanical whirling, thus achieving high-throughput exosome isolation with high specificity. Moreover, follow-up recovery after the immuno-affinity based isolation, via cleavage of a linker, enables further downstream analysis. We verified the performance of the present device using MCF-7 secreted exosomes and found that both the concentration and proportion of exosome-sized vesicles were higher than in the samples obtained from the conventional exosome isolation kit. We then isolated exosomes from the human blood samples with our device to compare the exosome level between cancer patients and healthy donors. Cancer patients show a significantly higher exosome level with higher selectivity when validating the exosome-sized vesicles using both electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The captured exosomes from cancer patients also express abundant cancer-associated antigens, the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on their surface. Our simple and rapid exosome recovery technique has huge potential to elucidate the function of exosomes in cancer patients and can thus be applied for various exosome-based cancer research studies.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Azurin is a metalloprotein of 14 kDa with copper ion in its active site. Protein film formation onto the substrate was performed by the self-assembly technique. In order to make molecule assembled layer onto the gold substrate, Azurin was cross-linked with N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate (SPDP). SPDP have both a -thiol group to assembly with gold substrate and a linking part to assembly with protein. We detected optimized condition to make a protein film using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The surface structure of adsorbed Azurin film onto the gold surface was analyzed by scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
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