Supplementary Figure 1 from Inhibition of the Sodium Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase Pump Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Anoikis and Prevents Distant Tumor Formation
A new disease was observed on jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in Awti county, Xinjiang, China, in 2014. The symptoms on infected leaves consisted of spots which were tan in the centre, with black pycnidia, surrounded by dark-brown to black margins, and yellow halos. Infected fruit became dark brown to black, and were covered by small pycnidia. The causal agent was isolated from infected leaves and fruit. Pathogenicity tests showed that the fungus could infect jujube fruits, which developed the same symptoms under artificial inoculation conditions as those observed in the field. The fungus was identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics as Nothophoma quercina (Syd) Q. Chen & L. Cai. Identification was confirmed by combining multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1 and 2) and intervening 5.8S nrDNA, and partial gene regions of β-tubulin (TUB 2). This is the first report of brown spot of jujube caused by Nothophoma quercina (Phoma fungicola) in China.
Identificated the resistance of 193 Gansu landraces on wheat in Beijing and Gangu testing station,Gansu on whole stage to powdery mildew during 2008—2009.The results showed that 46 wheat varieties such as baichunmai(No.75),baichunma(iNo.76)were resistant to isolate E09 in seedling stage.15 wheat varieties such as bingmai(No.136),foshoumai(No.169)were resistant to induced powdery mildewin adult stage.Only wunailong(No.339)and guangtouchuanma(iNo.0467)were resistant in whole stage.
<div>Abstract<p>Normal epithelial cells undergo apoptosis upon detachment from the extracellular matrix, a process termed “anoikis.” However, malignant epithelial cells with metastatic potential resist anoikis and can survive in an anchorage-independent fashion. Molecules that sensitize resistant cells to anoikis will be useful chemical probes to understand this pathway. To identify novel anoikis sensitizers in anoikis-resistant PPC-1 prostate adenocarcinoma cells, a library of 2,000 off-patent drugs and natural products was screened for their ability to preferentially induce cell death in suspension over adherent culture conditions. This screen identified five members of the family of cardiac glycosides as anoikis sensitizers, including ouabain, peruvoside, digoxin, digitoxin, and strophanthidin. We conducted further studies with ouabain to discern the mechanism of cardiac glycoside-induced anoikis sensitization. Ouabain initiated anoikis through the mitochondrial pathway of caspase activation. In addition, ouabain sensitized cells to anoikis by inhibiting its known target, the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase pump, and inducing hypoosmotic stress. Resistance to anoikis permits cancer cells to survive in the circulation and facilitates their metastasis to distant organs, so we tested the effects of Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase inhibition on distant tumor formation in mouse models. In these mouse models, ouabain inhibited tumor metastases but did not alter the growth of subcutaneous tumors. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism to sensitize resistant cells to anoikis and decrease tumor metastasis. These results suggest a potential mechanism for the observed clinical reduction in metastasis and relapse in breast cancer patients who have undergone treatments with cardiac glycosides. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2739–47]</p></div>
Brassinosteroid (BR) plays an important role in plant development and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, but its specific function remains largely unknown in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), preventing its utilization in this important crop. In this study, the function of BR and its underlying cytological role in wheat root development were comprehensively investigated. Our findings demonstrated that BR has a conserved function in regulating root length in wheat, and novel roles in regulating lateral root emergence and root diameter were uncovered. Analyses of BR homologous gene composition and evolutionary divergence demonstrated that the genetic framework of the wheat BR pathway was close to that of rice, but contained highly redundant homologous copies of genes from the subgenome A, B and D. These homologous copies showed active expression and shared a conserved BR response. The expression of wheat DWF4 and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) genes in Arabidopsis confirmed that multiple homologous copies maintained their conserved function in regulating root development, highlighting their redundant status and indicating that a special challenge exists in wheat gene modification to deal with this high redundancy. However, our results suggested that the hypermorphic effect of T. aestivum GSK (TaGSK) genes with point mutations may be an effective approach to overcome this redundancy in the manipulation of BR signaling in wheat. Our study provides fundamental data uncovering the function of BR in wheat root development, the underlying genetic basis and a possible strategy to manipulate BR signaling in hexaploid wheat.
Summary Plant can acquire tolerance to environmental stresses via transcriptome reprogramming at transcriptional and alternative splicing ( AS ) levels. However, how AS coordinates with transcriptional regulation to contribute to abiotic stresses responses is still ambiguous. In this study, we performed genome‐wide analyses of AS responses to drought stress ( DS ), heat stress ( HS ) and their combination ( HD ) in wheat seedlings, and further compared them with transcriptional responses. In total, we found 200, 3576 and 4056 genes exhibiting significant AS pattern changes in response to DS , HS and HD , respectively, and combined drought and heat stress can induce specific AS compared with individual one. In addition, wheat homeologous genes exhibited differential AS responses under stress conditions that more AS events occurred on B subgenome than on A and D genomes. Comparison of genes regulated at AS and transcriptional levels showed that only 12% of DS ‐induced AS genes were subjected to transcriptional regulation, whereas the proportion increased to ~40% under HS and HD . Functional enrichment analysis revealed that abiotic stress‐responsive pathways tended to be highly overrepresented among these overlapped genes under HS and HD . Thus, we proposed that transcriptional regulation may play a major role in response to DS , which coordinates with AS regulation to contribute to HS and HD tolerance in wheat.
Abstract The root system, as a fundamental organ for uptaking water and nutrients and interacting with the local environmental conditions, has been postulated to be the foundation for a second Green Revolution. However, the status of the root system during modern wheat breeding remains to be elucidated. Here, by analyzing the phenotypes of 406 wheat accessions on a large scale, we found the root systems of modern cultivars were synchronisely changed along with the above-ground traits. Furthermore, the genomic blocks with phenotypic effects on both above- and below-ground traits were observed to be enriched in the selection sweeps, highlighting that modern wheat breeding contributed to the synchronised changes. More importantly, the haplotypes selected by breeders within the selection sweeps synergistically improved both the above- and below-ground traits, suggesting that modern wheat breeding has improved the root system indirectly, which may contribute to the higher grain yields of modern wheat cultivars. Our results demonstrated that modern wheat breeding synergistically improved the above- and below-ground traits.
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