Aim:To study the pattern of volume changes of the whole brain gray matter in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment(aMCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease(AD) by voxel-based morphometry (VBM).Methods:33 patients with aMCI,32 patients with mild AD and 31 normal aging volunteers as control subjects were enrolled in the study.Gray matter volume differences of the whole brain were assessed using SPM5-based DARTEL toolbox to make VBM comparison between the patients and the control group.Results: The volume of the left hippocampus,parahippocampal gyrus,lingual gyrus and superior temporal gyrus, bilateral insulae and middle temporal gyri,etc.in the aMCI patient group was significantly smaller than that in the control group(P0.05,FDR corrected,K≥50 voxels).The volume of the bilateral hippocampi, parahippocampal gyri,amygdalae,thalami,temporo-parietal gyri and frontal,occipital cortex,etc.in the mild AD patients group was significantly smaller than that in the control group(P0.05,FDR corrected P0.05,FDR corrected,K≥50 voxels).Conclusion:VBM can reveal widespread volumetric reduction of gray matter in early-stage Alzheimer's disease with the advantage of objectivity.Detection of the atrophy of the left hippocampus is helpful in the early diagnosis of AD.
Objective To explore effect of perioperative nursing for the elderly patients in the operating room quality care. Methods A total of 80 patients in our hospital from February 2013 to February 2014 were divided into the usual care(control group, n=40) and high-quality care(observation group, n=40), clinical effects were compared. Results Two operations were successfully completed, the quality of life in the observation group that emotional function, social function, role function, physical function, cognitive function score was significantly higher(P 0.05), nursing satisfaction of the observation group was 97.5%, significantly higher than 80.0% of the control group(P 0.05). The first two groups had no significant difference in nursing HAMD scores after treatment were decreased, but the situation in the observation group were significantly lower than the control group(P 0.05). Conclusion Quality care of elderly patients with perioperative operating room can provide protection for the success of the operation, which will help improve the prognosis and quality of life, prevent the occurrence of adverse events, worthy of extensive applications.
The responses of cortical neurons to a stimulus in a classical receptive field (CRF) can be modulated by stimulating the non-CRF (nCRF) of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1). In the very early stages (at around 40 ms), a neuron in V1 exhibits strong responses to a small set of stimuli. Later, however (after 100 ms), the neurons in V1 become sensitive to the scene's global organization. As per these visual cortical mechanisms, a contour detection model based on the spatial summation properties is proposed. Unlike in previous studies, the responses of the nCRF to the higher visual cortex that results in the inhibition of the neuronal responses in the primary visual cortex by the feedback pathway are considered. In this model, the individual neurons in V1 receive global information from the higher visual cortex to participate in the inhibition process. Computationally, global Gabor energy features are involved, leading to the more coherent physiological characteristics of the nCRF. We conducted an experiment where we compared our model with those proposed by other researchers. Our model explains the role of the mutual inhibition of neurons in V1, together with an approach for object recognition in machine vision.
Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to explore whether the antibrain edema of hypertonic saline (HS) is associated with alleviating ischemic blood‐brain barrier (BBB) permeability by downregulating astrocyte‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is mediated by microglia‐derived NOD‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Methods The infarct volume and BBB permeability were detected. The protein expression level of VEGF in astrocytes in a transient focal brain ischemia model of rats was evaluated after 10% HS treatment. Changes in the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL‐1β protein expression, and the interleukin‐1 receptor (IL1R1)/pNF‐кBp65/VEGF signaling pathway were determined in astrocytes. Results HS alleviated the BBB permeability, reduced the infarct volume, and downregulated the expression of VEGF in astrocytes. HS downregulates IL‐1β expression by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and then downregulates VEGF expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF‐кBp65 mediated by IL‐1β in astrocytes. Conclusions HS alleviated the BBB permeability, reduced the infarct volume, and downregulated the expression of VEGF in astrocytes. HS downregulated IL‐1β expression via inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and then downregulated VEGF expression through inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF‐кBp65 mediated by IL‐1β in astrocytes.
Abstract The ability to discriminate between stimuli relies on a chain of neural operations associated with perception, memory and decision-making. Accumulating studies show learning-dependent plasticity in perception or decision-making, yet whether perceptual learning modifies mnemonic processing remains unclear. Here, we trained participants on an orientation discrimination task, while using fMRI and TMS to separately examine training-induced changes in working memory (WM) representation. Although fMRI decoding revealed orientation-specific neural patterns during delay period in early visual cortex (V1) before, but not after, training, neurodisruption of V1 during delay period led to behavioral deficit in both phases. In contrast, both fMRI decoding and disruptive effect of TMS showed that intraparietal sulcus (IPS) represent WM content after, but not before, training. These results suggest that sensory engagement for WM is relatively independent of training but the coding format may be altered, whereas the involvement of parietal area in WM depends on training.
Neurite outgrowth inhibitor-A(Nogo-A)is one type of protein which inhibit the growth of axon discovered in the study of the central nervous system myelin in recent years,which obviously restrains regeneration of nerve cells.As a kind of phenomenons of hypoxia tolerance,ischemic postconditioning may lessen ischemia/reperfusion injury remarkably.Here is to make a review on Nogo-A and ischemic postconditioning in the study of brain protection to explore the relationship between them and nerve repair.
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