Galanin (GAL) is a nociceptive transmitter or modulator in the trigeminal sensory system. In this study, GAL expression was investigated in the rat dura mater to demonstrate its possible function in headache using immunohistochemical techniques. The cerebral falx and cerebellar dura mater received abundant blood and nerve supply, and were significantly thicker compared to other portions in the cerebral dura mater. GAL-immunoreactivity was expressed by cell and nerve fiber profiles. Presumed macrophages and dendritic cells contained GAL-immunoreactivity, and co-expressed with CD11b-immunoreactivity. Many isolated and perivascular nerve fibers also showed GAL-immunoreactivity. In addition, GAL-immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in the vicinity of macrophages and dendritic cells with either GAL- or ED1-immunoreactivity. GAL-immunoreactive cells and nerve fibers were common in the cerebral falx and cerebellar dura mater and infrequent in other portions. And, GAL-immunoreactive nerve fibers usually co-expressed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactivity. In the trigeminal ganglion, a substantial proportion of sensory neurons innervating the dura mater contained GAL-immunoreactivity (mean ± SD, 3.4 ± 2.2%), and co-expressed CGRP-immunoreactivity (2.7 ± 2.1%). The present study may suggest that GAL is associated with nociceptive transduction or modulation in the dura mater. GAL also possibly plays a role in the immune mechanism of the dura mater.
A low emission combustor, which uses a prevaporization-premixing lean combustion system for the 100-kW automotive ceramic gas turbine (CGT), has been subjected to performance tests. A second combustor prototype (PPL-2). which incorporates improvements intended to overcome a flashback problem observed in an initiel combustor prototype (PPL-1), had been tested. Now combustors with further improvements accomplished to the PPL-2 prototype, is tested. Test results of the PPL-2 combustor showed that, increasing the air distribution ratio in the lean combustion region to aviod flashback, and by providing a uniform flow layer at the entrance of the combustion region so as to supress flashback, were effective in expanding the stable combustion range by substantially improving the flashback characteristics. To improve the flashback characteristics further more, we have redesinged the bluffbody and the swirl chamber so as to obtain uniform flow of the mixture, in the prevaporization premixing zone. Test results shows that the flashback characteristics has been greatly improved, and a wide stable combustion range, needed to operate the 100-kW CGT engine, was obtained.
Immunoreactivities for substance P (SP-ir) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-ir) were examined in neurones in the mesencephalic trigeminal tract nucleus of nerve-injured rats. One week following unilateral transection of the trigeminal root, the masseteric nerve (MN) or the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), CGRP-ir but not SP-ir was detected in these neurones bilaterally with ipsilateral dominance. Most of the CGRP-ir (immunoreactive) neurones were retrogradely labelled when fluorogold (FG) had been applied to the proximal stump of the MN or the IAN. Sham surgery including insult to the masseter muscle induced CGRP-ir while skin incision did not.
The occurrence of peptidergic cellular elements in the feline vagus nerve was examined by an immunohistochemical method. Some methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive cells were present around a few capillaries within the vagus nerve, whereas substance-P- and vasoactive-intestinal-polypeptide-like immunoreactive cells were not observed. The methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactive cells had an oval shape and their diameter was 7-10 micron. These cells appeared to be in contact with the pericyte of the capillaries. Though the physiological function of these enkephalin-positive cells is unclear, our findings suggest that they can act as endocrine cells and release methionine-enkephalin into the capillaries.
In the electron microscopic observation on adenovirus type 12 infected cells, abundant virus particles can always be recognized in the nucleus, although in some rare instances virus particles are found in the cytoplasm. Therefore, it is difficult to consider the virus formation to take place aside from the nucleus and it seems that the nucleus is really the essential site of virus multiplication.The fact that there are two different arrangements of virus particles presents a problem. It appears that usually crystalline arrayed virus particles come into being, and then they take noncrystalline arrangement, but this sequence does not necessarilly take place. The crystalline arranged virus particles and noncrystalline arranged ones often appear simultaneously and independently of each other, At the early stage of infection, the electron dense masses are seen in the nucleus. These masses are the matrix of virus particles, because the arrangement of virus particles in crystalline or noncrystalline array are seen with these electron dense masses.
Switching inductive shunt damping technique is one of the most useful methods for structural vibration control due to its simplicity and robustness. In this paper, a method to design the inductance and the resistance in the shunt circuit is discussed. Initial response and harmonic response are especially considered in the design method. The design method is validated by simulation. Furthermore, switching shunt damping applied for a multi degrees of freedom system is examined using an experimental plate.
