Ces quarante dernieres annees, l'observation du Fond Cosmique Micro-Onde a ete l'un des champs d'etude les plus prolifiques de l'astrophysique. Couronnee par deux prix Nobel, cette decouverte majeure a permis de confirmer de facon spectaculaire la theorie du Big-Bang. L'etude detaillee de ce fond micro-onde a egalement permis de mieux contraindre les differents modeles d'Univers issus de la cosmologie. Avec l'experience Planck de l'ESA qui va succeder en 2008 a COBE et WMAP, la cosmologie entre dans une nouvelle ere, celle de la ``cosmologie observationnelle de precision''. Jamais une experience spatiale aussi sensible n'aura effectue un releve complet du ciel micro-onde avec une aussi grande resolution. La grande sensibilite de Planck implique la necessite d'un controle accru des effets systematiques d'origine instrumentale. Cette these s'inscrit dans le cadre du controle de ces effets systematiques pour Planck, en particulier pour son instrument hautes frequences: HFI (High Frequency Instrument). Controler les effets systematiques implique trois types d'activites: l'Identification, la Quantification et la Correction de ces effets. Cette these presente essentiellement les resultats obtenus sur les travaux d'identification et de quantification des effets systematiques d'origine thermique dans Planck-HFI. La quantification de la diaphonie electronique ainsi que la correction des effets thermiques y sont egalement abordes.
Genome-wide functional annotation either by manual or automatic means has raised considerable concerns regarding the accuracy of assignments and the reproducibility of methodologies. In addition, a performance evaluation of automated systems that attempt to tackle sequence analyses rapidly and reproducibly is generally missing. In order to quantify the accuracy and reproducibility of function assignments on a genome-wide scale, we have re-annotated the entire genome sequence of Chlamydia trachomatis (serovar D), in a collaborative manner.We have encoded all annotations in a structured format to allow further comparison and data exchange and have used a scale that records the different levels of potential annotation errors according to their propensity to propagate in the database due to transitive function assignments. We conclude that genome annotation may entail a considerable amount of errors, ranging from simple typographical errors to complex sequence analysis problems. The most surprising result of this comparative study is that automatic systems might perform as well as the teams of experts annotating genome sequences.
Objective To assess costs associated with implementation of a strict ‘search and isolate’ strategy for controlling highly drug-resistant organisms (HDRO). Design Review of data from 2-year prospective surveillance (01/2012 to 12/2013) of HDRO. Setting Three university hospitals located in northern Paris. Methods Episodes were defined as single cases or outbreaks of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriacae (CPE) colonisation. Costs were related to staff reinforcement, costs of screening cultures, contact precautions and interruption of new admissions. Univariate analysis, along with simple and multiple linear regression analyses, was conducted to determine variables associated with cost of HDRO management. Results Overall, 41 consecutive episodes were included, 28 single cases and 13 outbreaks. The cost (mean±SD) associated with management of a single case identified within and/or 48 h after admission was €4443±11 552 and €11 445±15 743, respectively (p<0.01). In an outbreak, the total cost varied from €14 864 ±17 734 for an episode with one secondary case (€7432±8867 per case) to €136 525 ±151 231 (€12 845±5129 per case) when more than one secondary case occurred. In episodes of single cases, contact precautions and microbiological analyses represented 51% and 30% of overall cost, respectively. In outbreaks, cost related to interruption of new admissions represented 77–94% of total costs, and had the greatest financial impact (R 2 =0.98, p<0.01). Conclusions In HDRO episodes occurring at three university hospitals, interruption of new admissions constituted the most costly measure in an outbreak situation.
Abstract RAD53 encodes a conserved protein kinase that acts as a central transducer in the DNA damage and the DNA replication checkpoint pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To identify new elements of these pathways acting with or downstream of RAD53, we searched for genes whose overexpression suppressed the toxicity of a dominant-lethal form of RAD53 and identified PTC2, which encodes a protein phosphatase of the PP2C family. PTC2 overexpression induces hypersensitivity to genotoxic agents in wild-type cells and is lethal to rad53, mec1, and dun1 mutants with low ribonucleotide reductase activity. Deleting PTC2 specifically suppresses the hydroxyurea hypersensitivity of mec1 mutants and the lethality of mec1Δ. PTC2 is thus implicated in one or several functions related to RAD53, MEC1, and the DNA checkpoint pathways.
Un malade atteint d'une maladie rare (MR) peut nécessiter des soins en urgence. En raison de la MR, ces situations adoptent un caractère particulier. Depuis 2007, les fiches Orphanet Urgences (FU) ont pour objectif d'aider les médecins des structures d'urgences (praticiens de l'urgence préhospitalière et équipes hospitalières des services d'urgences), à prendre des décisions concernant les patients atteints de MR. Elles reposent sur l'expertise des centres de référence MR (CRMR) et sont validées par un comité de médecins urgentistes de la Société française de médecine d'urgence (SFMU). Coordonnées par Orphanet, les FU suivent une méthodologie rigoureuse. Elles sont standardisées et permettent une lecture adaptée à la chronologie des urgences (de l'appel du patient à l'intervention préhospitalière ou la consultation en structure d'urgence). Elles sont d'ordre général et ne remplacent pas le recours à un urgentiste. Les FU sont diffusées sur le site Orphanet (et l'application Orphanet Guides) (environ 34 000 téléchargements mensuels) et le site de la Société française de médecine d'urgence (SFMU). Depuis 2007, la collection comprend 112 FU françaises pour 447 MR, les FU obsolètes étant révisées. Jusqu'en décembre 2022, 270 médecins experts des CRMR, 94 médecins urgentistes de la SFMU, 9 médecins experts de l'Agence de la biomédecine (ABM) et 123 associations de malades ont participé à la production de ces FU. Les FU répondent au besoin d'information sur les MR auxquelles sont confrontés les urgentistes qui doivent assurer la régulation des appels téléphoniques, l'accueil et la prise en charge de personnes souffrant de MR. Rare disease (RD) patients often need emergency care, and the specificities of these diseases need to be considered in this context. Since 2007, Orphanet Emergency Guidelines (OEG) aim to help emergency healthcare professionals (both pre-hospital and hospital emergency care professionals) make appropriate decisions for RD patients. OEGs are expert-validated by a committee of emergency care doctors of the French Society of Emergency Medicine (SFMU). The elaboration of OEGs is coordinated by Orphanet, following a rigorous methodology. OEG are standardized and adapted to the chronology of emergencies (from the patient's call to first-response by emergency services or consultation in the emergency healthcare service). These guidelines are general in nature and not intended to replace the expertise of the emergency healthcare professional. OEG are published via the Orphanet website and Orphanet Guides application: around 34,000 monthly downloads, and the French Society of Emergency Medicine (SFMU) website. Since 2007, 112 OEG have been produced in French covering 447 RD, obsolete OEG are revised; 270 medical experts from French RD designated expert centers, 94 emergency doctors from SFMU, and 9 medical experts from the French Biomedicine Agency (ABM), as well as representatives from 123 patient organizations, have contributed to the elaboration and revision of the OEG (Source: Orphanet, December 2022). Emergency health professionals confronted with a RD during their practice can find the information they need through OEGs, enabling them to better respond in emergencies involving people living with a RD.
