A growth trial of 60 days was conducted on 20 male crossbred lambs of 8-9 months old, divided in four groups of five lambs in each group with T0 (un-supplemented), T1 (Herb supplemented), T2 (Yeast supplemented) and T3 (Combination of herb and yeast). The lambs were fed a complete feed containing paddy straw 60 parts and concentrate mixture 40 parts on DM basis, supplemented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2×1010cfu/g) @ 3 g/kg DM (T2), herb (Urtica diocia) @ 3% (T1). In T3 group combination of yeast @3 g/kg DM and herb @ 3% DM was supplemented to complete feed while complete feed without supplementation served as control (T0) The dry matter and organic matter intake was with significantly (P<0.01) higher in yeast supplemented groups alone and in combination (T2 and T3) with non-significant difference between herb (T1) and control (T0) group. Total gain and average gain in body weight was significantly (P<0.01) higher in feed additive (T1, T2 and T3) groups with better FCR than control (T0). Regarding digestibility of nutrients, a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF, hemi-cellulose and cellulose were observed in feed additive supplemented groups. All the animals of different treatment groups were found to be in positive mineral balance, with significantly higher values in feed additive supplemented groups than control. The DCP, TDN, DE and ME content of ration was found significantly (P<0.01) higher in feed additive supplemented groups with nutritive ratio (NR) highest in control. Intakes of digestible DM, OM, CP and TDN were also significantly (P<0.01) higher in supplemented groups in comparison to control. The feeding cost per kg live weight gain were significantly (P<0.01) lower for feed additives supplemented groups compared to control group which was obviously due to better nutrient utilisation that supported higher growth rate of sheep in the respective groups.
A study was undertaken in two phases to evaluate the effects of feeding fungal treated and ensiled apple pomace paddy straw based complete diet in the ration of eighteen female Corriedale sheep divided into three equal groups as per CRD on nutrient utilization, growth performance, haemato-biochemical parameters. Nutritional worth of experimental feeds revealed non-significant (p≤0.05) difference in % DCP, ME (kcal/g) and DE (kcal/g) and % TDN between the experimental groups with highest numerical value in T3 in comparison to T1 and T2, while as NR in group T3 was significantly (p≤0.05) lower than T1 and T2. Intake of digestible nutrients showed significantly (p≤0.05) higher values in T3 as compared to T1 and T2 (p≤0.05) in, DDMI (g/d) DOMI (g/d), DCPI (g/d) and TDNI (g/d) whereas digestible nutrient intake when expressed in % of body weight and/kg W0.75, could not reveal any significant (p≤0.05) difference between the experimental groups. Significantly (p≤0.05) higher values were also reported in the nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous intake and nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous balance in T3 group followed by T2 and T1. The studies on hemato-biochemical parameters revealed significant (p≤0.05) increase in Hb of the treatment group in T2 in comparison to T1 and T3. However, PCV, serum creatinine, BUN, blood glucose and total protein showed non-significant difference between the groups. The effect of period irrespective of the treatment on Hb and total protein was found significant (P≤0.05), showing an increasing trend with the advancement of age.
The performance of plants can be maximized by N application only if S is adequate and, similarly, maximum response from S application will occur only if N is sufficient. In this study, the major plant species present in the pastures were collected; two pastures, Anderwan and Shuhama Pastures, during two seasons i.e., spring and autumn for their identification; in spring season 31 and in autumn season 32 palatable plant species were collected from both pastures respectively. The detailed Nitrogen, Sulphur content and N: S ratio of browse and grass species at Shuhama and Goabal (Anderwan) pastures during spring and autumn season were calculated. The mean of Nitrogen and Sulphur contents during the spring season in both pastures were more when compared to the mean of Nitrogen and Sulphur contents during autumn season.
To study the “Nutrient Status of Apple Orchard Soils of South Kashmir” a survey was carried in twenty apple orchards (cv. Red Delicious) of south Kashmir. The soil samples were analyzed for studying the Correlation between physico-chemical characteristic and available nutrients. The correlation coefficient studies revealed that pH indicated significant and positive correlation coefficient with exchangeable calcium and magnesium and exhibited significant and negative relationship with available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The organic carbon showed positive and significant correlation coefficient with available nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, iron, zinc and copper. The calcium carbonate showed significant and positive correlation with exchangeable calcium and magnesium but significant and negative correlation coefficient with available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, manganese and zinc. The clay content revealed significant and positive relationship with available potassium only. The leaf analysis showed that apple orchards were adequate in all nutrients, whileas, nitrogen was marginal to high and phosphorus was marginal to adequate.
A comprehensive study carried out in five blocks of district Kulgam (DH Pora, Devser, Kulgam, Quimoh and Yaripora) revealed commonly available sources of roughages were paddy straw, maize stover, oat hay and mixed grass hay, while common source of concentrates fed to dairy cattle were rice bran, wheat bran, mustard oil cake and commercial pellet feed. Among the roughages highest DM% was found in paddy straw (87.94%) and among concentrates in rice bran (89.91%). Mixed grass hay was having the highest CP% (6.50%) and EE% (5.53) in roughages and in mustard oil cake (34.98%) and (13.00%) among concentrates. A wide variation in CF% was observed in roughages and ranged from 28.24% (mixed grass hay) to 37.84% (maize stover) and among concentrates CF content ranged between 7.38% (commercial pelleted feed) to 22.95% (rice bran). TA% among the roughages ranged from 8.69% in mixed grass hay to 12.50% in paddy straw and in concentrates TA content ranged between 5.26% in wheat bran to 12.48% in rice bran. Pooled samples of different feeds and fodders were evaluated for Cornell Net Carbohydrate and protein fractions revealed that the fraction A ranged between 10.93% (wheat bran) to 25.72% in MOC. Fraction B1 ranged from 5.90% in oat hay to 34.87% in maize stover. Fraction B2 was found highest in wheat bran (47.45% CP) and lowest in paddy straw (29.37±0.30% CP). Fraction B3 was found highest in paddy straw (23.79±0.12% CP) and lowest in commercial pelleted feed (3.14%CP). Fraction C was also found highest in paddy straw (24.14% CP) and lowest in commercial pelleted feed (5.15% CP). Cornell Net Protein fractions of all feeds and fodders were well within the normal range.
The study was conducted to observe the physical traits in 513 sheep (289 & 224 sheep) in Anantnag and Pulwama districts of Jammu and Kashmir. Results revealed that head profile in majority of sheep was narrow & long with convex nasal bridge (49.48% & 54.47%), horn orientation was curved backward forward and outward (61.37% & 58.34%) and ear shapes was broad and slightly droopy (46.72% Vs. 43.75%, respectively), coat colour was white (94.12% Vs. 93.75), polled (84.78% Vs. 84.38) and horns oriented were curved backward forward and outward (61.37% Vs. 58.34%), respectively, in Anantnag and Pulwama districts and morphometric traits of head length, ear length and tail length between temporary teeth to 8-tooth stage ranged (18.93±0.58 to 25.50±0.23 cm), (12.37±0.75 to 15.75±1.10 cm) and (22.26±0.70 to 36.78±0.32 cm), respectively.
A trial of 90 days was conducted on 24 male Corriedale lambs divided in four groups of six lambs each, to study the effect of feeding probiotic mix and fibrolytic enzyme mix on gut health. A complete feed was prepared containing paddy straw 50 parts and concentrate mixture 50 parts on dry matter basis as per ICAR, 2013 with supplementation of probiotics mix (T1) and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme mix (T2) and Combination of probiotics mix and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme mix (T3) while complete feed without supplementation served as control (T0). Significantly (P
Feed inadequacy is a major impeding factor responsible for lower productive animals in India than world average, resulting in least explored genetic potential with lower genetic gains and inefficient selection. From past few decades more growth in animal number has been observed than per unit productivity, leaping more pressure on already stressed nutritional resources available in India. Crop residues form the bulk of feed resources in India which are of inferior quality. Oil seed cakes are not suffix due to their lower production and partly due to their export to other countries. Further efforts to increase the efficiency of nutrient utilization is a double pronged approach as it increases animal production along with imparting less stress on already bleak nutritional resources. Bypass nutrient technology is emerging as an important nutritional tool to increase the productivity of animals. Bypass nutrients (mainly fat and protein) are protected from hydrolysis in rumen which gets absorbed from the lower digestive tract without altering rumen environment. The other protected nutrients are protected starch, chelated minerals and vitamins. This review will bring forth previous and recent advances in manufacturing, ingredients and results incurred through bypass nutrient technology for improving animal productivity in existing conditions of India.
A trial of 90 days was conducted on 24 male Corriedale lambs of uniform conformation divided in four groups of six lambs each, to study the effect of feeding probiotic mix and fibrolytic enzyme mix on gut health. A complete feed was prepared containing paddy straw 50 parts and concentrate mixture 50 parts on dry matter basis as per ICAR 2013 with supplementation of probiotics mix (Saccharomyces cerevisiae + Lactobaccilus acidophillus) @ 3g/kg DM level and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme mix @ 9 g/kg, as per the invitro studies carried to arrive at optimum level of incorporation while complete feed without supplementation served as control. The average faecal E. coli and total coliform count of experiment lambs of T1 group and in T3 group were significantly (P
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