Effect of fungal treated and ensiled apple pomace paddy straw based complete feed on nutrient utilization in female Corriedale sheep
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A study was undertaken in two phases to evaluate the effects of feeding fungal treated and ensiled apple pomace paddy straw based complete diet in the ration of eighteen female Corriedale sheep divided into three equal groups as per CRD on nutrient utilization, growth performance, haemato-biochemical parameters. Nutritional worth of experimental feeds revealed non-significant (p≤0.05) difference in % DCP, ME (kcal/g) and DE (kcal/g) and % TDN between the experimental groups with highest numerical value in T3 in comparison to T1 and T2, while as NR in group T3 was significantly (p≤0.05) lower than T1 and T2. Intake of digestible nutrients showed significantly (p≤0.05) higher values in T3 as compared to T1 and T2 (p≤0.05) in, DDMI (g/d) DOMI (g/d), DCPI (g/d) and TDNI (g/d) whereas digestible nutrient intake when expressed in % of body weight and/kg W0.75, could not reveal any significant (p≤0.05) difference between the experimental groups. Significantly (p≤0.05) higher values were also reported in the nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous intake and nitrogen, calcium and phosphorous balance in T3 group followed by T2 and T1. The studies on hemato-biochemical parameters revealed significant (p≤0.05) increase in Hb of the treatment group in T2 in comparison to T1 and T3. However, PCV, serum creatinine, BUN, blood glucose and total protein showed non-significant difference between the groups. The effect of period irrespective of the treatment on Hb and total protein was found significant (P≤0.05), showing an increasing trend with the advancement of age.Keywords:
Pomace
Trigonella
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2 Abstract: This work was carried out to study the effect of feeding olive trees pruning by-products (leaves and twigs) treated biologically and chemically on ewe lambs performance, nutrients digestibility and some rumen and blood parameters. Three growing trials were carried out using female lambs (about 12.8 Kg and 4 months old) as followed: T (1): CFM + berseem hay (control). T (2): CFM +olive leaves and twigs treated with urea and T (3): CFM +olive leaves and twigs treated with T. viride+ S. cerevisiae. At the end of the growing trials 3 digestibility trails were carried out. The data of growing trials indicated that feed intake did not affected by treatments being 712.50, 711.67, 710.83 g/h/d for T3, T2 and T1, respectively. Initial body weight was almost the same for the different lamb groups (12.84 kg). However, the final body weight was differed among treatments, urea treatment T2 and biological treatment T3 showed higher final body weight than the control group (T1) being 38.70, 37.77 and 37.25 kg, respectively, but, average daily gain had the same trend of live body weight. Economic conversion was highest for urea treatment (T2) followed by treatment with T. viride and S. cerevisiae (T3) than control group. (T2) and (T3) were less slightly efficient in converting TDN and DCP into gain compared to control group. Concerning the chemical composition of olive by-products, the data showed that urea and biological treatments increased CP content and decreased CF content and its fraction. The data of digestibility trials indicated that T2 followed by T3 tended to increase (P<0.01) the digestibility of DM, OM and CP, CF more than control group. (T2) had the highest values of TDN and DCP (% of intake). Water balance showed highly significant difference among treatments. It seems that (T3) improved nitrogen balance (g/h/d) more than urea treatment but the difference was not significant being 55.90, 49.23 and 38.46 as percentage of intake for T3, T2 and T1, respectively. The overall mean of (T2) had the lowest ruminal pH (6.43) while there was no difference between (T3) and (T1). T3 had the highest ruminal TVFA's value (mg/100 ml R.L), followed by T2 then T1 but the difference among the three treatments was not significant. Urea and biological treatments increased (P<0.01) ruminal total nitrogen, true protein, NPN and ammonia nitrogen more than control group. T2 and biological treatment with T.viride + S.cerevisiae T3 increased (P<0.01) total serum proteins, albumin, globulin, albumin: globulin ratio, urea, creatinine, GOT and GPT more than (T1). It can be concluded that feeding sheep on olive trees pruning by-products treated biologically or chemically improved rumen fermentation, nutrients digestibility and blood parameters.
Pruning
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Crossbred gilts (n=54) of about 26.38±0.85kg body weight and 25 weeks of age were randomly divided into 18 groups of 3 animals each.Three dietary treatments viz., T 1 , T 2 and T 3 were formulated.The treatment T 1 containing maize grain (35%) and wheat bran (47%) along with soybean meal and fish meals served as control diet.Rice bran (RB) was selected as a single source of fat (13.02%) and fibre (17.12%), which was gradually increased in diets T 2 (41%) and T 3 (82%) replacing maize grain and wheat bran of T 1 at 50% and 100% in the diets T 2 and T 3 , respectively.The fat and fibre levels of the diets were thus 3.46 and 5.24, 9.31and 9.69 and 11.61and 13.26% in T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , respectively.All the diets, however, contained almost similar concentration of CP (18.35±0.29%).Each dietary treatment was offered to six replicated groups of 3 piglets in following completely randomized design and feeding was continued for 112 days during the growing phase.Growth, feed utilization, reproductive performance, nutrient utilization and different blood biochemical parameters were studied.Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion were lower (p<0.01) in T 3 in comparison to T 1 or T 2 .Digestibility of all the nutrients except EE was reduced significantly (p<0.01) in T 3 .Serum glucose level decreased (p<0.01),whereas the urea and cholesterol concentration in the blood increased (p<0.01) in T 3 .The duration of estrus of pigs fed diet containing 82% RB (T 3 ) was highly variable within the group, but all the groups showed statistically similar duration of estrous.Feed cost per unit gain was found to be comparable between control (T 1 ) and T 2 group.The results indicated that RB can be included up to 41% in swine diets replacing 50% of maize and wheat bran.Higher concentrations of ether extract and fibre beyond 9.31 and 9.69% in diet had detrimental effect on growth, nutrient utilization and reproductive performance.
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Sixteen castrated male Black Bengal goats (aged between 8 and 10 months and average live weight 9.16 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design to study the effect of protein levels and sources on growth and nutrient digestibility under intensive condition for 56 days. The sources of protein were mustard oil cake (MOC) and soybean meal (SBM). Level of protein in each sources were 22 (HP-high protein) and 16 (LP-low protein) percentage. The dietary treatments were (T1) MOC-HP, (T2) MOC-LP, (T3) SBM-HP and (T4) SBM-LP. Concentrate diets as well as dal grass was fed throughout the experimental period and last week considered for digestibility trial. Average daily live weight gain of goats was 42, 41, 43, and 52 g for the diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The result showed no significant (P>0.05) variation between protein sources and their levels on growth performance. Intake of DM was 425, 389, 407 and 437 g/d which were 4.2, 3.8, 4.0 and 4.1 percent of their body weight for the diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Intake of CP was 59, 46, 56 and 50 g/d respectively. The sources of protein did not influence the intake of CP (P>0.05), but their levels had (P<0.05) effect on it. Digestibility of DM was 62, 58, 69 and 68 percent respectively. OM digestibility (g/100g) was 67, 64, 71 and 73 for the diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Digestibility (g/100g) of CP was 62, 60, 70 and 69 for the diets T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Thus the result showed that the digestibility of DM, CP and OM was significantly higher for SBM than MOC but their levels varied insignificantly. Therefore low protein supplementation (16%) in a concentrate mixture containing mustard oil cake and/or soybean meal could be suggested for optimizing growth performance of Black Bengal Goat under intensive management system.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9912BJAS 2009; 38(1-2): 53-60
Soybean oil
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Ten male buffalo calves (aged 6-8 months, average body wt.88.5±0.5 kg) were divided into two groups of five animals in each.All the animals were fed on urea-ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea, 50% moisture) along with concentrate mixture (50:50 on DM basis).In addition animals in group II were given sodium sulphate to see the effect of sulphur on the utilization of nitrogen added through urea-ammoniation.This feeding practice continued for a period of 120 d, during which fortnightly body weights were taken to assess their growth rate.A metabolism trial was conducted after 90 days of feeding to know the digestibility of nutrients and their balance.Results revealed no significant difference in the intake of DM and other nutrients in two groups.The digestibility of DM, OM, EE, NDF, ADF and cellulose was alike in animals fed ammoniated straw and ammoniated straw+sodium sulphate supplemented group, whereas the digestibilities of CP and hemicellulose was significantly (p<0.01)more in group I and II respectively.There was no significant difference in intake of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in 2 groups.Similarly, the balance of these 3 nutrients was positive and statistically alike in two groups.Intake and excretion of sulphur through faeces and urine was significantly (p<0.01)more in group II than in group I. Inspite of higher excretion of sulphur through faeces and urine in group II, the sulphur balance was significantly (p<0.05)more in group II than in group I, probably due to significantly (p<0.01)higher intake of sulphur in this group.There was no significant difference in total body weight gain or average daily gain between two groups, indicating that addition of sodium sulphate did not have any positive effect on these parameters.Similarly the intake of DM, DCP and TDN were also alike in two groups.The DCP and TDN values of the two diets were 8.0, 60.4 and 6.8, 56.6% respectively.Feeding cost/unit gain was alike in both the groups.(Asian-
Nitrogen balance
Sodium bicarbonate
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of metabolizable protein (MP) and metabolizable energy (ME) on nutrients utilization, nitrogen metabolism, blood biochemical profile and growth performance in Murrah buffalo calves. Sixteen growing male buffalo calves of similar body weight (222 kg) were divided into 4 groups of 4 animals each. The animals were offered four different total mixed rations containing different ME and MP levels viz., 100: 100; 115: 100; 100: 115; 115: 115% as per ICAR (2013) in groups T1, T2, T3 and T 4, respectively. The animals were fed individually for 105 days. Dry matter intake was similar in all the treatments. The MP intake was similar in groups T3 and T4 but higher (P 0.05) similar in groups T1 and T3 but lower than groups T2 and T4. The digestibility of nutrients (DM, OM and NDF) was higher (P<0.05) in group T4 suggesting that incorporation of 15% higher ME and MP intake led to improvement in digestibility though average daily gain (0.46, 0.46, 0.47 and 0.48 kg in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively) was similar in all the groups. Feed conversion ratio, CP conversion ratio and metabolizable energy conversion ratio were also similar in the groups. The level of blood metabolites (blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen) and enzymes (AST, ALT) were found to be similar in all four groups and were within normal physiological range. Hence, there were no significant changes in body weight, nitrogen balance and blood parameters though digestibility improved in male buffalo calves with 15% increase in MP and ME in the diet.
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In the condition of feeding 160 g concentrate and voluntarily intaking urea added corn straw, the sheep were fed with pure corn starch to study the effect of starch on intake, digestion and metabolism. The results showed that when the animals were fed with 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8g starch/kg body weight (5 groups, each group n=4), the intake of corn straw were 526.6±19.5,524.7±10.0(P0.05),562.7±20.8(P(0.05),)515.0±23.4(P0.05)and 432.5±23.9(P0.01)(g/sheep/day)respectively,the OM intake were 596.1±29.5,648.8±24.7(P0.05),680.5±28.5(P0.01),690.1±32.9(P0.01)and 687.2±18.6(P0.01) respectively,the OM digestibility (%) were 65.7±1.9,69.3±2.2(P0.05),67.1±(3.4)(P0.05),67.9±2.5(P0.05) and 69.3±2.1(P0.05) respectively, the apparent CP digestibility were 76.4±1.7,75.9±0.6(P0.05),74.2±1.0(P0.05),71.7±1.7(P0.01)and 72.0±2.1(P0.01)respectively,the digestibility of cellulose were 58.1±2.4,65.0±1.5(P0.05),62.0±1.4(P(05),)47.3±3.9(P0.01)and 38.3±2.5(P0.01)respectively. The digestible energy(DE) were 7872.2±175.1,8513.0±76.5,9737.3±252.5,9570.1±290.1 and 8429.0±146.7J/sheep/day respectively. Nitrogen retention (NR) (%) were 11.6±0.7,16.0±0.5(P0.01),24.5±0.5(P0.01),19.4±(0.7)(P0.01)and 17.6±0.6(P0.01) respectively,and the daily body weight gain (DBWG) were 44.0±10.3,(61.3)±16.3(P0.05),104.0±7.3(P0.01),108.7±13.0(P0.01)and 48.9±21.2(P(05))(g/sheep/day) respectively. It is concluded that there should be some starch in diet when sheep are mainly fed with corn straw, and the 11.4% of starch content in diet is suitable, which increases corn straw intake, NR,DE and DBWG by 6.8%, 111%, 23.7% and 136% respectively.
Digestion
Corn starch
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The present work was carried out to study the effect of partial replacement of concentrate feed mixture (CFM) with Moringa dry leaves (MDL) at the levels of 5 and 10% in rations of Zaraiby goats on digestibility, milk yield and composition and body weight and mortality rate of their born kids. Eighteen Zaraiby goats with average live body weight of 39 kg and aged 4 years were used in this study starting from one month pre-partum to end of lactation (January - August). Goats were assigned according to live body weight, age and milk yield in previous lactation to three similar groups (6 does in each) and fed a ration consisted of 40% CFM + 60% berseem hay (BH). The first one was unsupplemented and served as control group (T1), while in the second and third ones, 5 and 10% of CFM was replaced with MDL for T2 and T3, respectively. Moringa dry leaves was higher in CP and EE contents, and so the contents of OM, CP and EE increased, however CF, NFE and ash contents decreased in CFM as well as in experimental rations with increasing the level of MDL supplement. Moringa dry leaves was rich in alanine, glutamic and tyrosine and have considerable amounts of arginine, aspartic, glycine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine and valine, however, it was poorest in cysteine and methionine. Does in T3 showed significantly (P<0.05) the highest digestibility coefficients of DM, OM and NFE followed by T2, however T1 had the lowest values. Moreover, the digestibility coefficients of CP and EE as well as TDN and DCP values were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 compared to T1. Average daily milk yield was significantly higher (P<0.05) for T3 (1115.55 g) compared with T1 (910.18 g), while T2 (990.48 g) was intermediate insignificant differences with T1 and T3. Milk composition and yield for all components (fat, protein, lactose, TS, SNF and ash) increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing the level of MDL supplement. Goats weight increased gradually post-partum up to the end of lactation (6th month), and the increase seems to be higher in T2 and T3 than that of T1. The higher values of total protein and its fractions (albumin and globulin) were detected in serum of does in T3, however the lower values of total protein and albumin were found in T1 and globulin in T2. However, ALT concentration decreased significantly (P<0.05) with feeding diets containing MDL. Total DM intake was nearly the same for the different groups, whereas, TDN and DCP intakes were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 followed by T2, while T1 had the lowest values. Does in T3 recorded the lowest DM, TDN and DCP per kg milk followed by T2, however T1 had the highest values (P<0.05). Birth weight of born kids tended to increase with increasing the level of MDL, while, body weight of suckling kids at 30, 60 and 90 days was significantly higher (P<0.05) for T3 than that of T1 and T2 was intermediate. Mortality rate born kids during suckling period was significantly lower (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 than T1. Total feed cost tended to increase, while, the prices of milk yield and body weight of weaning kids as well as total and net income and economic efficiency increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing the level of MDL supplementation. The present study concluded that Moringa can be good quality feeds and therefore replaced CFM with Moringa leaves at the levels of 5 or 10% for Zaraiby goats improved digestibility, milk yield and composition, feed intake and conversion, economic efficiency and growth rate of born kids and reduced mortality rate during suckling period.
Moringa
Isoleucine
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his study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) on productive performance, nutrients digestibility and some serum metabolic indices in Egyptian buffalo calves.A total number of 32 calves averaged 278.8 ± 5.40 kg and 18 months old were divided into four equal groups (8 calves / each).Animals were fed on basal diet containing 4.38 mg Cu and 6.30 mg Zn/kg DM (control) supplemented with 10 mg Cu (T1), 30 mg Zn (T2) and 10 mg Cu plus 30 mg Zn (T3) /kg DM for 120 days.Digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF was higher (P<0.05) for calves fed T2 and T3 vs.T1 or control.The OM digestibility increased (P<0.05) for calves fed T1, T2 and T3 vs. control.Calves fed on T1, T2 and T3 had higher (P<0.05)digestibility of CP and CF than those fed control.Digestibility of CP and CF increased (P<0.05) with feeding T3 ration vs. each of T1 or T2 alone.The digestibility of EE increased (P<0.05) for calves fed T3 vs. those fed T1 or control rations.The digestible crude protein values were greater (P<0.05) with feeding T1, T2 and T3 than control.The total digestible nutrients values increased (P<0.05) for calved fed on T3 when compared to control or T1.Results showed significant (P<0.05)increasing in final body weight for calves fed T2 and T3 vs. control or T1.The averages daily gain (ADG) increased (P<0.05) for calves fed T1, T2 and T3 vs. control.Also, ADG improved (P<0.05) for calves fed T3 vs. those of T1 and T2.In the same time, no significant changes were noticed in feed intakes (rice straw, concentrate feed mixture and total dry matter) among treatments vs. control, while digestible crude protein intake increased (P<0.05) for calves fed T1, T2 and T3 vs. control.The total digestible nutrients intake increased (P<0.05) with T3 compared to control.Feed conversion was improved (P<0.05) for calves fed T2 and T3 vs. control.The T2 and T3 recorded higher (P<0.05)levels of serum total protein, albumin and globulin vs. control or T1.Serum globulin levels increased (P<0.05) in calves fed T1 vs. control.Feeding T1 decreased (P<0.05)serum cholesterol, but increased (P<0.05)HDL-cholesterol concentrations vs. control.The differences in serum glucose and triglycerides concentrations were not significant among calves in T1, T2 and T3 vs. control.The present study indicated that dietary supplemental Cu plus Zn showed beneficial additive effects to improve nutritive values, productive performance and blood metabolic indices in buffalo calves.
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Ten growing male buffalo calves (aged 6-8 months, average body weight 88.2±0.57kg were divided randomly into two groups.Animals in group I were fed on concentrate mixture A (CP 20.2%, TDN 77.4%) and urea-ammoniated wheat straw (UAWS) while the animals in group II were fed on concentrate mixture B (CP 17.9%, TDN 77.6%) and HCl plus urea treated wheat straw (HCl UAWS) to meet their nutrient requirement for 500 g gain/d as per Kearl (1982).This feeding practice lasted for 120 days, during which fortnightly body weight were recorded to assess their growth rate.A metabolism trial was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding to compare the digestibility of nutrients, their balance, plane of nutrition and relative cost of feeding in two groups of animals.Results revealed a significant increase in the CP content of ammoniated wheat straw due to addition of HCl viz 12.1% from 7.5%.There was a decrease in the intake of DM (p<0.05),OM (p<0.05),EE (p<0.05),NDF (p<0.01),ADF (p<0.01),cellulose (p<0.01) and hemicellulose (p<0.01) in group II as compared to group I.The digestibility (%) of DM, OM and CP was significantly (p<0.01)more in group II, whereas the digestibility (%) was significantly more for NDF (p<0.05) and hemicellulose (p<0.01) in group I than group II.There was no significant difference in the N, Ca and P balance in two groups.Intake of total DM (g/d) or (g/kg W 0.75 ) was significantly (p<0.01)more in group I as compared to group II, whereas the intake of DCP and TDN (g/d or g/kg W 0.75 ) was alike in two groups.The total body weight gain (kg), average daily gain (g/d) and feed conversion efficiency were significantly (p<0.01)more in UAWS fed group as compared to HCl UAWS fed group.Feeding cost (Rs./kg.weight gain) was significantly (p<0.05)more in group II as compared to group I.It is concluded that HCl UAWS is not suitable for the feeding of growing buffalo calves as it reduced the growth rate in comparison to UAWS fed buffalo calves.(
Hemicellulose
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ABSTRACTA total number of thirty two Ossimi male lambs (averaged 3 months old and 21.05 ± 1.06 kgBW) were used to evaluate the influence of vitamin A and E supplement on nutrient digestibility,productive performance and some serum bio-indices. The animals allocated into four equal groups.The first group without supplement served as control, while the treated lamb groups T1, T2 and T3were orally supplemented with vitamin A (50.000 IU/head/biweekly), vitamin E (400mg/head/biweekly), and vitamin A (50.000 IU) plus vitamin E (400 mg) /head/biweekly,respectively. The results showed no significant differences in all digestibility values of DM, OM,CP, EE, CF, ADF, NDF and NFE among lambs received treatments T1, T2 and T3 vs. control. Inaddition, averages percentages of nutritive values (DCP and TDN) were comparable for lambstreated with T1, T2 and T3 vs. control. Averages of final body weight (FBW) and daily gain (DG)were increased (P<0.05) for lambs of T1 and T3 compared with control or T2. The averages of FBWand DG were greater (P<0.05) for the treatment T3 than T1 or T2. No significant differences werenoticed in wheat straw intake, dry matter intake and total dry matter intake for lambs treated withT1, T2 and T3 vs. control. However, digestible crude protein intake and total digestible nutrientsintake increased (P<0.05) for lambs treated with T1, and T3 vs. control or T2. Feed conversion ofDMI, DCPI and TDNI were improved (P<0.05) for lambs received T1 and T3 vs. those received T2or control, with higher (P<0.05) improvement in FC-DCPI for lambs of T3 than those received T1or T2. Data indicated that serum total protein and globulin levels were higher (P<0.05) with alltreatments T1, T2 and T3 than control, while, serum albumin concentrations were increased (P<0.05)with treatments T1, and T3 vs. T2 or control. No significant differences in serum concentrations ofglucose, cholesterol and AST enzyme for lambs received T1, T2 and T3 compared with the untreatedcontrol lambs. It could conclude that supplement of vitamin A plus E has synergistic useful effectable to improve feed intakes and feed conversion of growing lambs, enhancing their performance and develop favorable signs in some serum bio-indices.
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