Objectives: This study is aimed to synthesis and evaluate PEGylated Eu enabled spherical alumina submicron particles (s-Al 2 O 3 :Eu) for potential theranostic applications.Methods: This study is bisected into two parts, a) synthesis of PEGylated Eu enabled spherical alumina submicron particles (s-Al 2 O 3 :Eu), and b) characterization of the synthesized particles to determine their efficacy for potential theranostic applications.The synthesis of the particles involved the following steps.In the first step, s-Al 2 O 3 :Eu is synthesized using solvothermal synthesis.In the next step, the particles undergo post synthesis water-ethanol treatment and calcination.The surface of the synthesized s-Al 2 O 3 :Eu particles is then coated by PEG to increase its biocompatibility.Once the particles are prepared, they are characterized using different techniques.The microstructure, composition and structure of the particles is characterized using SEM, EDX and XRD techniques.The detection of the functional groups is done using FTIR analysis.The photoluminescence emission spectrum of s-Al 2 O 3 :Eu is studied using Photoluminescence spectroscopy.And, finally, the biocompatibility is studied using MTT assay on RD cell lines.Results: The microstructure analysis, from the micrographs obtained from SEM, shows that the spherical alumina particles have a submicron size with narrow size distribution.The compositional analysis, as per EDX, confirms the presence of Oxygen, Aluminum and Europium in the particles.While, XRD analysis of s-Al 2 O 3 :Eu confirms the formation of alpha alumina phase after calcination at 700 °C.Emission peaks, obtained by Photoluminescence emission spectroscopy, show that the optimum emission intensities correspond to the transition from 5 D 0 to 7 F j orbital of Eu +3 .FTIR analysis confirms the successful coating of PEG.Finally, a cell viability of more than 86% is observed when the biocompatibility of the particles is studied, using MTT assay on RD cell lines.
Photosensitizers have been used for years to treat or diagnose several oncological diseases. In this research, we evaluate Rhodamine (Rh-640 perchlorate), a second-generation photosensitizer's mediated preliminary photodynamic effects. To investigate these preliminary dose–response effects on the Rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cell line, the UV absorption spectra, standard curve, and cytotoxic analysis of Rh-640 perchlorate are demonstrated. The absorption spectra suggest that longer wavelengths of light like yellow-red light are best used for light irradiation. Different concentrations are used to evaluate absorbance and cytotoxic response. The results suggest that Rh-640 perchlorate may be used for the selective destruction of cancer cells without imposing any toxicity on normal cells in the dark. This research finding also suggests that its efficiency may also be evaluated on other cancer cell lines.
Abstract Hollow capsules with multi-shelled or multicomponent structures are essential materials for various applications. Biomedical applications like disease diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring have special significance as they aim to improve health conditions. This review demonstrated a comprehensive overview of hollow, multifunctional structures incorporating meaningful use of nanotechnology and its’ unique prospects in medicine such as patient-specific treatment, multimodal imaging, multimodal therapy, simultaneous delivery of drugs and imaging probes, and actively targeted delivery. The internal hollow cavity provides safe and controlled drug release while also enabling transport of functional moieties to target sites. This review explored the performance of different organic, inorganic, and metallic multicomponent capsules that have been reported for biomedical applications, mainly diagnostic imaging and drug delivery. Material compositions, morphologies, and synthesis strategies involved in fabricating such multifunctional systems have been discussed in detail. It is expected that with time, more sophisticated and precise systems will come to light as the outcome of ongoing concentrated research efforts.
The aim of this study is to investigate the photoluminescence (PL) properties of europium (Eu) doped alumina as potential platform for simultaneous bio Imaging and drug delivery. Synthesis of Eu doped alumina is done by a facile two step method. In the first stage, hydrothermal synthesis is used to prepare the Eu doped ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide which is then calcined to get a crystalline Eu doped alumina. Structural characterization of the prepared sample is done through XRD and SEM. Photoluminescence spectroscopy is performed in order the study the PL response. The SEM images of the Eu doped sample revealed whisker shaped morphology, the porosity in the inter and intra whisker region is beneficial for the high drug loading capacity. The length of the bundle after annealing was about 5 µm with the bundle diameter of 0.45 µm. XRD patterns of the prepared sample has sharp peaks, showing a high degree of crystallinity corresponding to the α-alumina phase. Finally PL response was checked at an excitation wavelength of 393 nm. A dominant peak was observed at a wavelength of 613 nm corresponding to the 5D0 to 7F2 transition.The3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT assay confirms the cell viability of more than 100% at even a concentration of 500 nano molar alumina in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). These results show that the Eu doped alumina having optimum PL response, high biocompatibility and drug loading capacity which makes it a promising candidate for theranostic applications.
The drug loading capability and inherent cytotoxicity of mesoporous silica particles are two prime considerations for targeted drug delivery applications. In current study, uncoated mesoporous silica (UMS) carrier particles were synthesized by sol-gel emulsion approach. The morphology and structure of UMS was thoroughly characterized using atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements reveal that mono dispersed silica particles have an average size of 250 nm with narrow size distribution. The pore size was measured as 47nm. Concentration dependent biocompatibility of UMS was evaluated using MTT assay with Hep-2c cancer cell line and cell viability of ~65% at concentrations of 7.5 nM was observed. Finally, the drug loading capability of UMS carrier was studied using ibuprofen as a model drug.
Medicinal plant-mediated combinational therapies have gained importance globally due to minimal side effects and enhanced treatment outcomes compared to single-drug modalities. We aimed to analyze the cytotoxic potential of each conventional treatment i.e., photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemotherapy (doxorubicin hydrochloride; Dox-HCl) with or without various concentrations of medicinal plant extracts (PE) on soft tissue cancer Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line.
The liver performs various functions, such as the production and detoxification of chemicals; therefore, it is susceptible to hepatotoxins such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), which causes chronic injury. Thus, assessment of injury and its status of severity are of prime importance. Current work reports an ex vivo study for probing the severance of hepatic injury induced by CCl 4 with polarized light over the spectral range 400–800 nm. Different concentrations of CCl 4 were used to induce varying severity of hepatic injury in a rat model. Linear retardance, depolarization rates, and diagonal Mueller matrix elements (m 22 , m 33 , and m 44 ), were successfully used as the distinguishing criterion for normal and different liver injuries. Our results show that linear retardance for injured liver samples with lower doses of CCl 4 tends to increase when compared with normal liver samples, while samples injured at higher doses of CCl 4 offer almost no retardance. Total, linear, and circular depolarizations follow decreasing trends with increased liver injury severity over the entire investigated wavelength range. Linear polarization states were observed to be better maintained as compared to circular polarization states for all samples. Furthermore, numerical values of diagonal elements of the experimentally measured Mueller matrix also increase with increasing doses of CCl 4 . Liver fibroses, change in transport albedo, and the relative refractive index of the extracellular matrix caused by CCl 4 are responsible for the observed differences. These results will provide a pathway to gauge the severity of injury caused by toxic chemicals.
Enabled zirconium oxide Nanoparticles (NPs) are multifunctional nanoparticles that can be employed for multimodal imaging and can show good biocompatibility. In this work, we have synthesized Dysprosium (Dy) and Holmium (Ho) enabled zirconium oxide nanoparticles (DY/Ho-ZrO2 NPs) and have evaluated their potential as candidates for contrast agents in different imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), Photoluminescence (PL) imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Rare earth elements have large atomic numbers, and their incorporation can enhance the X-ray attenuation characteristics of their host along with their optical properties. Rare earth elements exhibit paramagnetic character which can be utilized for MRI contrast enhancement. A combination of these imaging modalities can fulfill the limitations faced while using a single imaging technique. We have successfully synthesized Dy and Ho incorporated zirconia nanoparticles (Dy/Ho-ZrO2) by a simple one-step hydrothermal method. Prepared NPs were characterized for their physical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the crystalline phases present in Dy-ZrO2 and Ho-ZrO2 NPs with a crystallite size of 27 nm and 21.54 nm respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results revealed the morphology of the nanoparticles, while EDS analysis gave the qualitative as well quantitative nature of synthesized nanocrystals. Photoluminescence (PL) data of Dy/Ho-Zirconia NPs have shown emission peaks near 419 nm when excited at 310 nm. Suspensions of prepared NPs with various concentrations were imaged on a CT machine in the clinical setting for contrast study. High CT contrast was observed for these NPs even at very low concentrations. Dysprosium doped sample was further evaluated for its potential as an MRI contrast agent. Dark cytotoxicity and photo-cytotoxicity results performed using Rhabdomyosarcoma (Rd) cancer cell lines revealed good biocompatibility of prepared NPs. These results strongly signify the potential of these multifunctional Dy/Ho-Zirconia NPs to act as biocompatible multimodal imaging agents for biomedical applications.
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