This dataset contains UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP) and near infrared (NIR) imaging data from the following publication: Altgen M., Awais M. Altgen D., Klüppel A., Koch G., Mäkelä M., Olbrich A., Rautkari L. (2022) Chemical imaging to reveal the resin distribution in impregnation-treated wood at different spatial scales. Materials & Design, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111481. The data was measured on small beech wood cubes (15x15x15 mm3) that were impregnation-treated with a low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin. Experimental details can be found in the publication. The file “NIR sample IDs with weight and dimensional changes.csv” contains the sample IDs as well as the weight percent gains and dimensional changes caused by the resin treatment of each sample in the dataset. To generate the NIR image files, a region of interest of 881 x 384 pixels was selected from the raw image files to produce an image that contains the sample surrounded by background. The spectral data was corrected using the calibration reflectance target values and then converted to absorbance. Each NIR image is stored in a separate MATLAB file (.mat) with the sample ID as the file name. The file "UMSP sample IDs.csv" contains the sample IDs of the UMSP images. The folder "UMSP image profiles.zip" contains the corresponding UMSP image profiles, which are stored as excel files (.xlsx) with the sample IDs as file names. The files contain the absorbance at 278 nm per pixel with a pixel resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 µm2.
Summary Extrafloral nectaries secrete a sweet sugar cocktail that lures predator insects for protection from foraging herbivores. Apart from sugars and amino acids, the nectar contains the anions chloride and nitrate. Recent studies with Populus have identified a type of nectary covered by apical bipolar epidermal cells, reminiscent of the secretory brush border epithelium in animals. Border epithelia operate transepithelial anion transport, which is required for membrane potential and/or osmotic adjustment of the secretory cells. In search of anion transporters expressed in extrafloral nectaries, we identified Ptt SLAH 3 ( Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides SLAC 1 Homologue3), an anion channel of the SLAC / SLAH family. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, Ptt SLAH 3 displayed the features of a voltage‐dependent anion channel, permeable to both nitrate and chloride. In contrast to the Arabidopsis SLAC / SLAH family members, the poplar isoform Ptt SLAH 3 is independent of phosphorylation activation by protein kinases. To understand the basis for the autonomous activity of the poplar SLAH 3, we generated and expressed chimera between kinase‐independent Ptt SLAH 3 and kinase‐dependent Arabidopsis At SLAH 3. We identified the N‐terminal tail and, to a lesser extent, the C‐terminal tail as responsible for Ptt SLAH 3 kinase‐(in)dependent action. This feature of Ptt SLAH 3 may provide the secretory cell with a channel probably controlling long‐term nectar secretion.
This dataset contains UV microspectrophotometry (UMSP) and near infrared (NIR) imaging data from the following publication: Altgen M., Awais M. Altgen D., Klüppel A., Koch G., Mäkelä M., Olbrich A., Rautkari L. (2022) Chemical imaging to reveal the resin distribution in impregnation-treated wood at different spatial scales. Materials & Design, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111481. The data was measured on small beech wood cubes (15x15x15 mm3) that were impregnation-treated with a low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde resin. Experimental details can be found in the publication. The file “NIR sample IDs with weight and dimensional changes.csv” contains the sample IDs as well as the weight percent gains and dimensional changes caused by the resin treatment of each sample in the dataset. To generate the NIR image files, a region of interest of 881 x 384 pixels was selected from the raw image files to produce an image that contains the sample surrounded by background. The spectral data was corrected using the calibration reflectance target values and then converted to absorbance. Each NIR image is stored in a separate MATLAB file (.mat) with the sample ID as the file name. The file "UMSP sample IDs.csv" contains the sample IDs of the UMSP images. The folder "UMSP image profiles.zip" contains the corresponding UMSP image profiles, which are stored as excel files (.xlsx) with the sample IDs as file names. The files contain the absorbance at 278 nm per pixel with a pixel resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 µm2.
To investigate whether leaves of plane trees (Platanus orientalis) are damaged by traffic pollution, trees from a megacity (Mashhad, Iran) and a rural area were investigated. Soil and air from the urban centre showed enrichment of several toxic elements, but only lead was enriched in leaves. Leaf size and stomata density were lower at the urban site. At the urban site leaf surfaces were heavily loaded by dust particles but the stomata were not occluded; the cuticle was thinner; other anatomical properties were unaffected suggesting that plane trees can cope with traffic exhaust in megacities.
Abstract Although cell-anatomical variables are promising proxies reflecting seasonal as well as annual climate changes, their interdependencies are not yet fully understood. In the present study we assessed the changes in tree-ring width and various wood anatomical traits, including wall thickness, lumen diameter and tracheid diameter in the radial direction in saplings of Pinus sylvestris under six climatic conditions: 5°C warmer alone (ET) or combined with drought in June (ET J ) and in August (ET A ) and CO 2 enrichment alone (EC, 770 ppm) or combined with drought in June (EC J ) and in August (EC A ). The experiments related to temperature conditions using 2-year saplings and CO 2 conditions using 3-year saplings were completed in 2009 and 2010 in a greenhouse, respectively. Results showed that tree-ring width and tracheid diameter were not affected by any of the conditions applied, but the lumen diameter was larger and the wall thickness was thinner than those under control conditions. These reactions were verified under ET J in the warming treatment and under all conditions under CO 2 enrichment conditions. Our results indicated that drought counteracted the effects of elevated CO 2 concentrations on wood anatomical properties, signifying complex interactions between the two major effects of climate change. Our comparison of wood parameters through experiments highlight the potential effect of climate change — increased drought stress due to higher temperatures and water shortage as well as elevated ambient CO 2 , on tracheid lumen diameter and wall thickness. Whereas the ring-width and tracheid diameter practically remained unaffected under the above-mentioned conditions.
We have developed a methodology for the systematic generation of a large image dataset of macerated wood references, which we used to generate image data for nine hardwood genera. This is the basis for a substantial approach to automate, for the first time, the identification of hardwood species in microscopic images of fibrous materials by deep learning. Our methodology includes a flexible pipeline for easy annotation of vessel elements. We compare the performance of different neural network architectures and hyperparameters. Our proposed method performs similarly well to human experts. In the future, this will improve controls on global wood fiber product flows to protect forests.
Abstract Plant cells are considered to possess functionally different types of vacuoles in the same cell. One of the papers cited in support of this concept reported that protein storage and lytic vacuoles in root tips of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and pea (Pisum sativum) seedlings were initially separate compartments that later fused to form a central vacuole during cell elongation. We have reinvestigated the situation in these two roots using immunogold electron microscopy as well as immunofluorescence microscopy of histological sections. Using antisera generated against the whole protein of α-tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) as well as specific C-terminal TIP peptide antisera against α-, γ-, and δ-TIP, together with antisera against the storage proteins barley lectin and pea legumin and vicilin, we were unable to obtain evidence for separate vacuole populations. Instead, our observations point to the formation of a single type of vacuole in cells differentiating both proximally and distally from the root meristem. This is a hybrid-type vacuole containing storage proteins and having both α- and γ-TIPs, but not δ-TIP, in its tonoplast. As cells differentiate toward the zone of elongation, their vacuoles are characterized by increasing amounts of γ-TIP and decreasing amounts of α-TIP.
