The mercury ohm, long recognized as a standard of resistance, with its elaborate technique and many disadvantages has become obsolescent. The reasons for this, together with a brief historical sketch of the ohm, are presented in this article.
Direct observation of rain areas by radar yields new information on thunderstorm characteristics and behavior. A statistical summary of characteristics of 300 showers observed by radar at Spring Lake, N. J., June–Aug. 1945, is given.
This paper presents a brief discussion of the current transformer as used with measuring and controlling apparatus with special reference to the degree of accuracy which can be attained in the ratio and phase angle. A new type of current transformer is then described, in which it is possible to secure much higher accuracy with a given amount of iron and copper in the transformer. In this new device the transformation is effected in stages, the first yielding in the usual way a secondary current which is approximately correct in magnitude and phase, and the second yielding an auxiliary corrective current which, when combined with the first secondary current, gives a resultant current which very closely approximates to the secondary current which would be furnished by an ideal current transformer having no errors. The two currents may easily be combined by having two like windings in the devices operated, one for the main and one for the auxiliary secondary current. The mathematical theory of the two-stage current transformer is developed and applied. Experimental curves are given to compare the performance of the new transformer with that of an ordinary simple current transformer of good average performance. The effect of mutual inductance between the external secondary circuits is discussed, and some of the special advantages of the new transformer are given.
Instruments for the measurement of electromotive force and cur- rent may be divided into two main classes.In those of the first class, which may be called deflection instruments, a movement of one element of the instrument is produced against an opposing force, an indication of the quantity to be measured being given by the extent of the motion, as shown by an index moving over a graduated scale.To this class belong many types of ammeters and voltmeters, such as the moving coil, the magnetic vane, electro- dynamometer, hot wire, and electrostatic instruments.Those of the second class may be called balance instruments.In these the electric quantity to be measured exerts a force which is opposed by another force, an adjustment of the instrument being made until no motion results, when the quantity to be measured is determined by the extent of the necessary adjustment.To this class belong Wheatstone bridges, potentiometers, and Kelvin balances.Each of these two classes of measuring instruments has its advan- tages and disadvantages.The deflection instrument can not be read, as a rule, with an accuracy greater than one part in a thousand; while on account of zero errors, inaccuracy of the scale, heating due to the current, changes of external temperature, stray magnetic fields, and other disturbing influences, the accuracy really obtained in the result is much lower than this.It is possible, of course, to determine and allow for some of these errors, but others, such as those due to stray field, are not easily allowed for.The balance instrument can usually be read with greater accuracy, and in the 225