Background: Poor oral health can affect general health and quality of life in the school children.Tooth brushing and regular dental checkups can promote oral health status.In Iran, few studies have assessed oral health status, and oral health behaviors and their association in primary school children. Objectives:The present study was conducted to assess the oral health status and behaviors among 6-year-old school children in Shiraz, south-west of Iran.Patients and Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted during the 2014-2015 school year using a multi-stage stratified sampling method to select 830 first grade school children.Oral examination was performed to register simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S).Oral health behaviors including tooth brushing frequencies and reason for using oral health services were assessed by completing a questionnaire.Independent-samples t-test, chi-square, one-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used to analyze the data.Results: A total of 801, 6-year-old school children, including 421 boys and 380 girls, and their parents participated in the study, with the response rate of 96.5%, and an overall mean OHI-S score of 0.59 ± 0.4.The OHI-S scores in rural areas were higher than those of urban areas (P < 0.001).The frequencies of tooth brushing were different among rural and urban children (P = 0.005).The percentage of children who brushed their teeth once a day or more was fewer in rural than in urban children.The OHI-S scores were significantly different in children with different tooth brushing frequencies (P < 0.001).The reasons for dental attendance were different in urban and rural areas (P < 0.001), where regular dental visits were more frequent in urban children.The OHI-S scores were different in children with various reasons for visiting a dentist.Children who never visited a dentist, regarding toothaches or regular checkups, had the highest OHI-S scores in comparison to other groups.Frequency of tooth brushing and reason for visiting a dentist both had impacts on OHI-S scores (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Oral health behaviors such as daily tooth brushing and regularly visiting a dentist can improve the oral health status.Therefore, improving oral hygiene behaviors in schools, especially in rural areas, can promote children's oral health status.
Different methods have been used for detecting developmental defects of enamel (DDE). This study aimed to compare photographic and replication methods with the direct clinical examination method for detecting DDE in children's permanent incisors. 110 8-10-year-old schoolchildren were randomly selected from an examined sample of 335 primary Shiraz school children. Modified DDE index was used in all three methods. Direct examinations were conducted by two calibrated examiners using flat oral mirrors and tongue blades. Photographs were taken using a digital SLR camera (Nikon D-80), macro lens, macro flashes, and matt flash filters. Impressions were taken using additional-curing silicon material and casts made in orthodontic stone. Impressions and models were both assessed using dental loupes (magnification=x3.5). Each photograph/impression/cast was assessed by two calibrated examiners. Reliability of methods was assessed using kappa agreement tests. Kappa agreement, McNemar's and two-sample proportion tests were used to compare results obtained by the photographic and replication methods with those obtained by the direct examination method. Of the 110 invited children, 90 were photographed and 73 had impressions taken. The photographic method had higher reliability levels than the other two methods, and compared to the direct clinical examination detected significantly more subjects with DDE (P = 0.002), 3.1 times more DDE (P < 0.001) and 6.6 times more hypoplastic DDE (P < 0.001). The number of subjects with hypoplastic DDE detected by the replication method was not significantly higher than that detected by direct clinical examination (P = 0.166), but the replication detected 2.3 times more hypoplastic DDE lesions than the direct examination (P < 0.001). The photographic method was much more sensitive than direct clinical examination in detecting DDE and was the best of the three methods for epidemiological studies. The replication method provided less information about DDE compared to photography. Results of this study have implications for both epidemiological and detailed clinical studies on DDE.
Background.This study aimed to evaluate whether the parents' knowledge about the adverse effects of oral habits and dentoskeletal discrepancies would improve by an educational pamphlet. Methods.A parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted on parents in kindergartens of Shiraz, Iran, 2013.The parents completed a designed questionnaire to determine the pre-intervention score.The study group received an educational pamphlet on the oral habits and dentoskeletal discrepancies, in contrast to the control group.Three weeks later, the parents in both groups took the questionnaire again (post-intervention score).The primary outcome was a change in the parents' knowledge about oral habits and dentoskeletal discrepancies, which was measured by 13 questions of the questionnaire.Each correct answer was given a positive point and each incorrect answer a negative point.The total pre-and postintervention scores were calculated by summing up the points and compared using Mann-Whitney U test.Results.A total of 550 subjects were assessed for eligibility and 413 were randomized.Of the study group, 203 subjects (98.56%), and of the control group, 204 parents (98.54%) completed the questionnaire for the second time.The score of the study group in the "normal occlusion" section of the questionnaire had significantly improved (P < 0.001) and in the "oral habits" section the score of both groups had improved but in the study group the improvement was significantly higher (P < 0.001). Conclusion.The educational pamphlet can be effective in increasing the level of parents' knowledge about normal occlusion and complications of oral habits.
Pathologic tooth migration (PTM) has been defined as tooth displacement that occurs when the balance among the factors that maintain physiologic tooth position is disturbed by periodontal disease. The aim of this cross-sectional epidemiological study was to determine the prevalence of pathologic tooth migration among patients with periodontitis.Recorded documents of 370 patients (72.4% females, 27.6% males) within the age range of 17 to 70 years (mean 37.77 ± 11.46) were studied. Statistical analysis was carried out using t-test and Chi-square test.Pathologic migration prevalence was 11.4% (35/314 patients), however, there was no pathologic migration in patients with mild chronic periodontitis. The Chi-square test showed that there was no statistically significant difference between males and females.The results of this study confirm that pathologic tooth migration is relatively common among periodontal patients and its prevalence is increased by the severity of periodontal disease.
Tooth enamel is formed incrementally during specific age periods. Enamel formation is sensitive to changes in its environment and embodies significant changes into the structure of developing enamel that manifest as clinically detectable permanent “defects”. These features make enamel a unique tissue which can aid researchers to obtain or validate existing relevant data on health-related events during gestation and early childhood. Using enamel as a marker for epidemiological studies requires robust methods for recording the time when adverse life event occur by linking the location of defects with the age of enamel formation. The main objectives of thesis were to: 1.determine the best method of assessing enamel defects, 2.develop an accurate method to collect data retrospectively on life events in early childhood, and 3.test whether developmental defects of enamel of permanent incisors accurately indicate adverse events in early childhood. Methods: Age range of stages of enamel formation was calculated from published data. A life-grid method was developed for collecting past childhood life events by questioning parents. Field work was in Shiraz, Iran. Pilot study revealed suitability of methods. A prevalence study (Study I) was conducted on a representative sample of 335 8-11-year-old schoolchildren. Main objectives were addressed in Study II when detailed investigations were carried out on selected subjects from prevalence study. Three methods for detecting defects were compared and then findings were related to life events recorded on the life-grid. Results: Digital photographic method was better than clinical examination and replication methods for detecting DDEs (N=90). The events recorded in early childhood life-grid method were almost identical to recorded health documents (N=30). Final results showed that presence, type, and location of enamel DDEs in permanent incisors can serve as reliable markers of occurrence, nature, timing, and in some degrees severity of adverse events in early childhood (N=87).
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Oral mucosal lesions can affect patient’s quality of life (QOL). In this evaluation, Persian version of Chronic Oral Mucosal Disease Questionnaire (COMDQ) was used to assess participants’ QOL. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done during 2015-2016 in School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 95 participants with pemphigus vulgaris (PV), oral recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), and oral lichen planus (OLP) enrolled is this study. The Persian version of COMDQ with 26 questions and 4 domains was used for assessing QOL. The data were analyzed in SPSS software. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), andTukey's test were used to assess scores of QOL. RESULTS: The final QOL scores were 45.95 ± 16.31, 53.38 ± 17.64, and 50.02 ± 17.36 for men, women, and all patients, respectively. Patients with OLP and RAS had good QOL, but patients with PV reported lower level of QOL (moderate). None of the COMDQ domains showed significant correlation with gender except pain and functional limitation and overall QOL score. CONCLUSION: The result of this evaluation revealed a good QOL; considering the type of oral disease, QOL ranged between moderate for patients with PV and good for patients with OLP and RAS.
ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether changes in starch intake (in terms of amount and food sources) were associated with increments in dental caries among adults. Design: 11-year longitudinal study (2000-2011) with duplicate assessments for all variables. A 128-item food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate intake of starch (g/day) and six starch-rich food groups (potatoes, potato products, roots and tubers, pasta, wholegrains, and legumes). Dental caries was assessed through clinical examinations and summarised using the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT score). The relationship between quintiles of starch intake and DMFT score was tested in linear hybrid models adjusting for confounders. Setting: Northern and Southern regions of Finland. Participants: 922 adults, aged 30-88 years. Results: Mean starch intake was 127.6 (SD: 47.8) g/day at baseline and 120.7 (55.8) g/day at follow-up. Mean DMFT score was 21.7 (6.4) and 22.4 (6.2) at baseline and follow-up. Starch intake was inversely associated with DMFT score cross-sectionally (rate ratio for highest versus lowest quintile of intake: -2.73, 95%CI: -4.64, -0.82) but not longitudinally (0.32, 95%CI: -0.12, 0.76). By food sources, the intakes of pasta (-2.77, 95%CI: -4.21, -1.32) and wholegrains (-1.91, 95%CI: -3.38, -0.45) were negatively associated with DMFT score cross-sectionally but not longitudinally (0.03, 95%CI: -0.33, 0.39 and -0.10, 95%CI: -0.44, 0.24, respectively). Conclusion: Changes in the amount and sources of starch intake were not associated with changes in dental caries. Further studies should be conducted in different settings and age groups while focusing on starch digestibility and specific sources of starch.
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