The phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea infects more than different 200 plant species and causes substantial losses in numerous crops. The B05.10 and T4 wild-type strain genomes have been recently sequenced, becoming a model system for necrotrophic pathogens, as well as opening up new alternatives in functional genomics, such as proteomics. We analyzed B. cinerea mycelium from these two wild-type strains, introducing label-free shotgun nUPLC-MS(E) methodology to complement the 2-DE-MS-based approach. We assessed the label-free nUPLC-MS(E) methodology for protein identification and quantification using five mycelium protein dilutions. A total of 225 and 170 protein species were identified by nUPLC-MS(E) in the B05.10 and T4 strains, respectively. Moreover, 129 protein species were quantified in both strains. Significant differences in protein abundance were found in 15 more abundant and 16 less abundant protein species in the B05.10 strain compared to the T4 strain. Twenty-nine qualitative and 15 significant quantitative differences were found using 2-DE. The label-free nUPLC-MS(E) was a reliable, reproducible and sensitive method for protein identification and quantification to study the B. cinerea mycelial proteome. Results obtained by gel-based and gel-free complementary approaches allow a deeper characterization of this fungus, as well as the identification of potential virulence factors.
This review is a compilation of proteomic studies on forest tree species published in the last decade (2012-2022), mostly focused on the most investigated species, including Eucalyptus, Pinus , and Quercus . Improvements in equipment, platforms, and methods in addition to the increasing availability of genomic data have favored the biological knowledge of these species at the molecular, organismal, and community levels. Integration of proteomics with physiological, biochemical and other large-scale omics in the direction of the Systems Biology, will provide a comprehensive understanding of different biological processes, from growth and development to responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. As main issue we envisage that proteomics in long-living plants will thrive light on the plant responses and resilience to global climate change, contributing to climate mitigation strategies and molecular breeding programs. Proteomics not only will provide a molecular knowledge of the mechanisms of resilience to either biotic or abiotic stresses, but also will allow the identification on key gene products and its interaction. Proteomics research has also a translational character being applied to the characterization of the variability and biodiversity, as well as to wood and non-wood derived products, traceability, allergen and bioactive peptides identification, among others. Even thought, the full potential of proteomics is far from being fully exploited in forest tree research, with PTMs and interactomics being reserved to plant model systems. The most outstanding achievements in forest tree proteomics in the last decade as well as prospects are discussed.
the differential expression levels of histone epigenetic marks, being the levels of acetylated Histone H4 and Histone H3K4, associated to gene expression, higher in immature needles whereas the Histone H3K9 was only found in mature needles (Figure 1c). This could be explained by the fact that chromatin needs to be altered and restructured during the differentiation to regulate gene expression [1].
Abstract Plants of Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hybridus resistant to atrazine and cyanazine were found in maize fields in north‐eastern Spain. Both resistant foiotypes survived doses of 5 kg ha −1 of atrazine and 2–4 kg ha −1 of cyanazine but were controlled by lower doses of bentazone and pyridate than were susceptible biotypes. Such a negative cross‐resistance was not found for chloroacetamides and MCPA. Chlorophyll fluorescence studies revealed that atrazine, bentazone, cyanazine and pyridate (10 mg litre −1 ) caused inhibition of photosynlhetic electron transport in susceptible leaves, while in resistant plants, atrazine and cyanazine had no effect. Conversely, bentazone and pyridate inhibited photosynthesis to a greater extent in resistant than in susceptible biotypes. Isolated chloroplast membranes from resistant biotypes showed resistance factors of 366 and 501 to atrazine and 39 and 60 to cyanazine for A. hybridus and A. cruentus , respectively. Bentazone and pyridate were found to be more effective in chloropiasts of the resistant biotypes than those of the susceptible plants. It is suggested that enhanced susceptibility to bentazone and pyridate in triazine‐resistant A. cruentus and A. hybridus biotypes may be associated with the alteration of the D‐I polypeptide subunit of photosystem II, as found in triazine‐resistant plants.