This is the open access data for the publication 'Prevalence and distribution of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serogroups and serovars isolated from normally sterile sites: a global systematic review' by N.N. Hagedoorn, et al.
BACKGROUND An infodemic is excess information, including false or misleading information, that spreads in digital and physical environments during a public health emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by an unprecedented global infodemic that has led to confusion about the benefits of medical and public health interventions, with substantial impact on risk-taking and health-seeking behaviors, eroding trust in health authorities and compromising the effectiveness of public health responses and policies. Standardized measures are needed to quantify the harmful impacts of the infodemic in a systematic and methodologically robust manner, as well as harmonizing highly divergent approaches currently explored for this purpose. This can serve as a foundation for a systematic, evidence-based approach to monitoring, identifying, and mitigating future infodemic harms in emergency preparedness and prevention. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we summarize the Fifth World Health Organization (WHO) Infodemic Management Conference structure, proceedings, outcomes, and proposed actions seeking to identify the interdisciplinary approaches and frameworks needed to enable the measurement of the burden of infodemics. METHODS An iterative human-centered design (HCD) approach and concept mapping were used to facilitate focused discussions and allow for the generation of actionable outcomes and recommendations. The discussions included 86 participants representing diverse scientific disciplines and health authorities from 28 countries across all WHO regions, along with observers from civil society and global public health–implementing partners. A thematic map capturing the concepts matching the key contributing factors to the public health burden of infodemics was used throughout the conference to frame and contextualize discussions. Five key areas for immediate action were identified. RESULTS The 5 key areas for the development of metrics to assess the burden of infodemics and associated interventions included (1) developing standardized definitions and ensuring the adoption thereof; (2) improving the map of concepts influencing the burden of infodemics; (3) conducting a review of evidence, tools, and data sources; (4) setting up a technical working group; and (5) addressing immediate priorities for postpandemic recovery and resilience building. The summary report consolidated group input toward a common vocabulary with standardized terms, concepts, study designs, measures, and tools to estimate the burden of infodemics and the effectiveness of infodemic management interventions. CONCLUSIONS Standardizing measurement is the basis for documenting the burden of infodemics on health systems and population health during emergencies. Investment is needed into the development of practical, affordable, evidence-based, and systematic methods that are legally and ethically balanced for monitoring infodemics; generating diagnostics, infodemic insights, and recommendations; and developing interventions, action-oriented guidance, policies, support options, mechanisms, and tools for infodemic managers and emergency program managers.
Depression during perinatal period leads to adverse pregnancy outcome and of child growth. Our study aimed to examine the burden of antenatal depression and associated risk factors among pregnant women living in rural settings of Chennai, a southern state of India.A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural settings of Chennai, one of the Southern States of India during August through September 2013. Hundred pregnant women who agreed to participate were enrolled in this study. Edinburg postnatal depression scale was used to assess the depression level of the study participants. Information was also gathered about socio-demographics, obstetric and disease history, social support and marital satisfaction was gathered. Descriptive analysis was performed using univariate statistics to report means and standard deviations for the continuous variables and frequency distribution for the categorical variables.Majority of the participants (65%) had scored 13 or higher on the Edinburg Depression Scale reflecting high likelihood of depression. Majority of the participants (66%) had been bothered due to low feeling, depressed or hopelessness during the previous month. Enriched marital satisfaction scale (p=.025) had shown significant association with Edinburg depression scale.Pregnancy is very crucial period not only for mother but whole family. This study has shown very high frequency of depression among the participants. There is a need for a longitudinal study to design interventions that can address emerging burden of antenatal depression among pregnant women living in rural settings.
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness.
Methods
In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need.
Findings
In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP.
Interpretation
There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained.
Adaptation to the health effects of climate change and mitigation of the associated health risks is a global health policy issue that requires local and regional cooperation along with adequate resource allocation. However, following the withdrawal of the USA from the Paris climate accord, a new model of global climate response needs to be enforced, considering the urgency of these health effects among the low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) of the global south.1Watts N Adger WN Ayeb-Karlsson S et al.The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change.Lancet. 2017; 389: 1151-1164Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (202) Google Scholar Regional, national, and local actors need to be involved, thinking globally and acting locally. Although building capacity in local and regional policy leadership necessitates the involvement of educators, the multisectoral nature of the problem demands the use of learning approaches that are interprofessional and inquiry-based. Hence, we propose the use of academic, parliamentary-style health policy debates for building capacity in climate leadership among today's students—ie, the policy leaders of tomorrow. Many such debates in the past have mimicked the World Health Assembly and its global scope. However, simulations of regional and local diplomatic bodies allow for a focused deliberation and the voicing of relevant, evidence-informed arguments. In an example of a regionally focused health policy debate, an interprofessional group of students from both health and non-health professions participated in the Manipal Model WHO 2018 (at the Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India), where they debated approaches for adapting to and mitigating against the health effects of climate change in the south Asian region.2The Hindu Students debate climate change, health at Manipal Model WHO.https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/students-debate-climate-change-health-at-manipal-model-who/article22758003.eceDate: Feb 16, 2018Google Scholar By receiving targeted instruction in health research literacy, parliamentary debate procedure, public speaking, and drafting policy documents, students showed key interprofessional and leadership skills to reach mutual consensus on the way forward. By building on existing generic WHO frameworks, they developed and voted on draft resolutions that presented region-specific policy plans to address local health effects. Similar health policy debates in education for health professionals have also been done in other LMICs, such as the Medical Model UN (ie, MedMUN 2014 and MedMUN 2015) in Malaysia involving only issue-appropriate nations.3Godinho MA Murthy S Ali Mohammed C Debating evidence-based health policy in an interprofessional classroom: an exploratory study.J Interprof Care. 2018; (published online Oct 31)DOI:10.1080/13561820.2018.1541873PubMed Google Scholar Likewise the National Health System 2017, a national health assembly simulation in Sudan,4Godinho MA Murthy S Ciraj AM Health policy for health professions students: building capacity for community advocacy in developing nations.Educ Health. 2017; 30: 254-255Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar debated domestic and regional issues specific to the region. These examples show that the local expertise for organising and conducting such debates is available in LMICs. Disseminated efforts and targeted interventions to mobilise this expertise can provide much needed opportunities for building local and regional policy leadership to address the health effects of climate change, specifically in LMICs. We declare no competing interests. The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate changeThe Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change is an international, multidisciplinary research collaboration between academic institutions and practitioners across the world. It follows on from the work of the 2015 Lancet Commission, which concluded that the response to climate change could be “the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century”. The Lancet Countdown aims to track the health impacts of climate hazards; health resilience and adaptation; health co-benefits of climate change mitigation; economics and finance; and political and broader engagement. Full-Text PDF
India contributes to the highest neonatal deaths globally. Case management is said to be the cornerstone of pneumonia control. Much of the published evidence focuses on children aged 1 to 59 months. This scoping review, thus, aims to identify the treatment options for and barriers to case management of neonatal pneumonia in India.
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