Significant progress has been made in the functions of auxin efflux transporter PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes for the regulation of growth and development in rice. However, knowledge on the roles of OsPIN genes in abiotic stresses is limited. We previously reported that the mutation of OsPIN1b alters rice architecture and root gravitropism, while the role of OsPIN1b in the regulation of rice abiotic stress adaptations is still largely elusive. In the present study, two homozygous ospin1b mutants (C1b-1 and C1b-2) were employed to investigate the roles of OsPIN1b in regulating abiotic stress adaptations. Low temperature gradually suppressed OsPIN1b expression, while osmotic stress treatment firstly induced and then inhibited OsPIN1b expression. Most OsPIN genes and auxin biosynthesis key genes OsYUC were up-regulated in ospin1b leaves, implying that auxin homeostasis is probably disturbed in ospin1b mutants. The loss of function of OsPIN1b significantly decreased rice chilling tolerance, which was evidenced by decreased survival rate, increased death cells and ion leakage under chilling conditions. Compared with the wild-type (WT), ospin1b mutants accumulated more hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and less superoxide anion radicals (O2−) after chilling treatment, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is disrupted in ospin1b mutants. Consistently, C-repeat binding factor (CBF)/dehydration-responsive element binding factor (DREB) genes were downregulated in ospin1b mutants, implying that OsDREB genes are implicated in OsPIN1b-mediated chilling impairment. Additionally, the mutation of OsPIN1b led to decreased sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment in seed germination, impaired drought tolerance in the seedlings and changed expression of ABA-associated genes in rice roots. Taken together, our investigations revealed that OsPIN1b is implicated in chilling and drought tolerance in rice and provide new insight for improving abiotic stress tolerance in rice.
The aim of this study was to analyze monoterpene accumulation and the biosynthesis gene transcript?s profiles during the berry development of two types of grape cultivars: ?Muscat Alexandria? with a strong ?Muscat? flavor and ?Moldova? with neutral flavor. The samples were collected every ten days from veraison to the fully ripened stage. The monoterpene concentration was measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry using head space solid phase micro-extraction method. Seven genes in the monoterpene synthesis pathway were chosen to study their transcription by real-time PCR. For ?Muscat Alexandria?, the concentration of various monoterpenes increased from veraison to ripening. Linalool, s-myrcene and limonene increased 6- to 8-fold, geraniol, terpineol and geranial increased 2- to 3-fold, rose oxide and neral increased slightly. The most abundant monoterpenes were linalool and geraniol, the concentrations were above their odor threshold. In ?Moldova?, monoterpenes were all only detected as traces. At the transcription level, for both cultivars, DXS3, DXR, HDR and a-Terp gene were up regulated from veraison to 20 days weeks after veraison but the relative expression of these genes in ?Muscat Alexandria? was higher than in ?Moldova?. The Liner-syn gene showed slight changes during berry development. For the cultivar of ?Muscat Alexandria?, the correlation coefficient between the total content in monoterpene and the gene transcript abundance of DXS3 and a-Terp was 0.831 and 0.884, respectively, suggesting that these two genes may serve as biomarker for monoterpene accumulation. The full ORF of the DXS1 gene was cloned and sequenced for the two cultivars. 8 SNPs and 16 SNPs were found for ?Moldova? and ?Muscat Alexandria? respectively. ?Muscat Alexandria?, like most of the Muscat-flavored genotypes, is heterozygous at the VvDXS locus, thus containing a Muscat-type allele (284N) and a neutral allele (284K) as well, while ?Moldova? is homozygous at the VvDXS locus, containing only a neutral allele (284K).
We have intensively studied the growth temperature and interruption time of AlGaInAs/AlGaAs single-quantum-well (SQW) for application in high-power laser diodes. The growth process was monitored by reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The most suitable photon energy for monitoring the growth process was investigated. The indium diffusion and the resulting emission wavelength shift during growth of AlGaInAs/AlGaAs SQW have been studied. Photoluminescence (PL) and high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) were adopted for the evaluation of specified interfaces and the quality of layers. Comparison the RAS and ex-situ techniques allowed us to find that the growth temperature and interruption time plays a significant role in the case of AlGaInAs/AlGaAs SQW grown by MOCVD technique. In situ RAS measurement has proven itself to be a powerful tool for the development of growth processes for high-power laser diodes.
In order to investigate the relationship between calcium signaling and negative phototropism of rice roots,different concentration of calcium signaling reagent such as CaCl2,organic calcium channel blocker(verapamil),inorganic calcium channel blocker(LaCl3),calcineurin inhibitor chloropromaize(CPZ),auxin polar transport inhibitor(NPA) were used to treat rice seminal roots which were unilaterally illuminated at an intensity of 100-200 μmol/(m2·s) for 24 h.Results showed that negative phototropism curvature and growth rate of rice roots were enhanced by a proper dose of CaCl2.Further experiments testified that it is because more IAA was transported from irradiated side to shaded side by exogenous Ca2+ that negative phototropism curvature was enhanced rather than increased growth rate.Simultaneously,negative phototropism curvature and growth rate of rice roots were inhibited by inhibitors above,and the inhibiting effects were enhanced as the rising concentration of inhibitors.Roots would stop growing and negative phototropism characteristic would disappear when the concentration reached a certain degree,such as 100 μmol/L verapamil,12.5 μmol/L LaCl3,60 μmol/L CPZ and 6 μmol/L NPA.100 μmol/L CaCl2 relieved the inhibition degree of LaCl3,verapamil and NPA.The results indicated that calcium ion plays an important role as a second messenger in the process of light signaling regulating rice roots growth and negative phototropism.
Objective
To analyze and study the clinical diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis, in order to provide new ideas and theoretical support for clinical diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis.
Methods
Ninety-six patients with autoimmune encephalitis were divided into anti VGKC encephalitis group, anti NMDA encephalitis group and edge leaf encephalitis group according to the different types of diseases, with 32 patients in each group. The cerebrospinal fluid, clinical features, gender and related auxiliary examination of the three groups were analyzed retrospectively.
Results
There was significant difference in the differential diagnosis result of immune tumor, MRI, cerebrospinal fluid, related auxiliary examination, clinical features and gender between the anti NMDA encephalitis group and anti VGKC encephalitis group. The related diseases such as non vasculitis, autoimmune meningitis, Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and metabolic encephalitis had the symptoms of disturbance of consciousness and drowsiness. Non vasculitis autoimmune disease of the brain, Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, and metabolic encephalitis and psychosis MRI test were normal. Non vasculitis autoimmune meningitis, Hashimoto encephalopathy, metabolic encephalitis, progressive multifocal white matter encephalopathy, Alzheimer’s disease, Wer-nicke-Korsakoff’s disease cerebrospinal fluid examination were normal; Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Hashimoto’s encephalopathy, metabolic encephalitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and Creutzfeldt-Jacob brucellosis could be checked by the diagnosis of clear.
Conclusions
There are many kinds of autoimmune encephalitis diseases, which should be diagnosed and identified according to the clinical characteristics of the patients and the implementation of targeted treatment measures.
Key words:
Autoimmune encephalitis; Anti VGKC encephalitis; Anti NMDA encephalitis; Limbic encephalitis
Cornus officinalis is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in China and other East Asian countries to cure diseases such as liver, kidney, cardiovascular diseases and frequent urination for thousands of years. It is a Level 3 protected species, and is one of the 42 national key protected wild species of animals and plants in China. However, the genetics and molecular biology of C. officinalis are poorly understood, which has hindered research on the molecular mechanism of its metabolism and utilization. Hence, enriching its genomic data and information is very important. In recent years, the fast-growing technology of next generation sequencing has provided an effective path to gain genomic information from nonmodel species. This study is the first to explore the leaf and fruit tissue transcriptome of C. officinalis using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform. A total of 57,954,134 and 60,971,652 clean reads from leaf and fruit were acquired, respectively (GenBank number SRP115440). The pooled reads from all two libraries were assembled into 56,392 unigenes with an average length 856 bp. Among these, 41,146 unigenes matched with sequences in the NCBI nonredundant protein database. The Gene Ontology database assigned 24,336 unigenes with biological process (83.26%), cellular components (53.58%), and molecular function (83.93%). In addition, 10,808 unigenes were assigned a KOG functional classification by the KOG database. Searching against the KEGG pathway database indicated that 18,435 unigenes were mapped to 371 KEGG pathways. Moreover, the edgeR database identified 4,585 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 1,392 were up-regulated and 3,193 were down-regulated in fruit tissue compared with leaf tissue. Finally, we explored 581 transcription factors with 50 transcription factor gene families. Most DEGs and transcription factors were related to terpene biosynthesis and secondary metabolic regulation. This study not only represented the first de novo transcriptomic analysis of C. officinalis but also provided fundamental information on its genes and biosynthetic pathway. These findings will help us explore the molecular metabolism mechanism of terpene biosynthesis in C. officinalis.
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