Acute symptoms of anisakidosis are caused by a type I allergic reaction in the gastrointestinal wall with elevated specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of interleukin (IL)‐4 in the larval antigens of Anisakis simplex . We detected concentrations of IL‐4 in pg/ml when larval excretory–secretory products and crude extract from A. simplex were investigated by ELISA. Specific antibodies were obtained by immunization of rabbits with mouse IL‐4 and tested in ELISA against A. simplex antigens obtaining higher values of optical density, that were confirmed by western blot analysis. The absorption of these sera with A. simplex antigen resulted in a 70–80% inhibition of antigen binding when retested in ELISA. We demonstrated that A. simplex antigens react with antibodies raised against vertebrate IL‐4. The results obtained by us support the hypothesis that A. simplex shares several epitopes with IL‐4, important for the Th2 response development in human anisakiasis, where the parasite may modulate the Th1–Th2 dichotomy for its own benefit by mucosal inflammation control in an attempt to avoid the larval expelling.
Background Human fasciolosis is a re-emerging disease worldwide and is caused by species of the genus Fasciola (F. hepatica and F. gigantica). Human fasciolosis can be diagnosed by classical coprological techniques, such as the Kato-Katz test, to reveal parasite eggs in faeces. However, although 100% specific, these methods are generally not adequate for detection of acute infections, ectopic infections, or infections with low number of parasites. In such cases immunological methods may be a good alternative and are recommended for use in major hospitals where trained personnel are available, although they are not usually implemented for individual testing. Methodology/Principal Findings We have developed a new lateral flow test (SeroFluke) for the serodiagnosis of human fasciolosis. The new test was constructed with a recombinant cathepsin L1 from F. hepatica, and uses protein A and mAb MM3 as detector reagents in the test and control lines, respectively. In comparison with an ELISA test (MM3-SERO) the SeroFluke test showed maximal specificity and sensitivity and can be used with serum or whole blood samples. Conclusions/Significance The new test can be used in major hospitals in hypoendemic countries as well as in endemic/hyperendemic regions where point-of-care testing is required.
We report in Madrid (Spain) a case of intraventricular neurocysticercosis in a migrant from Choluteca (Honduras), which was confirmed by epidemiological, radiological and microbiological criteria.
Abstract Background Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are endemic in Equatorial Guinea with notable variations in disease incidence between island and mainland regions. Historically, efforts to control and map these diseases were concentrated in Bioko Island, where loiasis is absent, allowing for targeted onchocerciasis interruption strategies. With the cessation of onchocerciasis transmission on Bioko and no reported cases on Annobon island, assessing the transmission status in the previously unaddressed mainland region has become imperative. Mapping efforts in mainland Equatorial Guinea have proven low to moderate level of transmission for LF and onchocerciasis, although the results so far have not been very conclusive. The current study aims to update the prevalence estimates for onchocerciasis and LF in mainland Equatorial Guinea using various diagnostic techniques. Methods This is the first cross-sectional study carried out to estimate the prevalence of onchocerciasis and LF in the mainland area of Equatorial Guinea, from September to December 2019, based on the combination of skin snip biopsies, thick blood smears, laboratory serological tests (ELISA tests for the detection of IgG4 antibodies against Onchocerca volvulus recombinant antigen Ov16 and Wuchereria bancrofti recombinant antigen Wb123) and molecular laboratory tests. Frequencies and prevalence rates, along with 95% confidence intervals for interval estimation of a binomial proportion, were computed. Results The overall onchocerciasis seroprevalence calculated for the study was 0.3% (95% CI : 0.1 to 0.5%). Microscopic examination of skin biopsies from the eight individuals seropositive for Ov16, out of the 3951 individuals initially tested, revealed no O. volvulus microfilariae. However, DNA extracted from one skin snip was successfully amplified, with subsequent sequencing confirming the presence of O. volvulus . Among the 3951 individuals, 182 were found to have anti-Wb123 antibodies, suggesting exposure to W. bancrofti , with an estimated seroprevalence of 4.6% (95% CI : 4.0 to 5.3%). Microscopy and Filaria-real time-PCR (F-RT-PCR) analysis for W. bancrofti were negative across all samples. Conclusions The findings indicate that onchocerciasis may no longer constitutes a public health problem in Equatorial Guinea, positioning the country on the verge of achieving elimination. Additionally, the mapped prevalence of LF will facilitate the formulation of national strategies aimed at eradicating filariases countrywide. Graphical Abstract