J. Núñez‐Olea

Universidad de Granada

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E. Jurado

Universidad de Granada

Mercedes Fernández‐Serrano

Universidad de Granada

Manuela Lechuga

Universidad de Granada

Francisco Ríos

Universidad de Granada

Germán Luzón

Universidad de Granada

Deisi Altmajer Vaz

Universidad de Granada

V. Bravo Rodríguez

Universidad de Granada

Rafael Bailón‐Moreno

Universidad de Granada

R. Bailón

Universidad de Granada

Alejandro Fernández‐Arteaga

Universidad de Granada

Cooperative Institutions

Universidad de Granada

Weatherford College

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

University of California, Berkeley

University of Zulia

Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas y Ambientales de Barcelona

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

UCLouvain

Universidade Estadual do Ceará

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Ecotoxicity of anionic surfactants AKYPO^®

WIT transactions on ecology and the environment (2011)

E. Jurado Mercedes Fernández‐Serrano J. Núñez‐Olea Manuela Lechuga Francisco Ríos

In this paper, the toxicity values of ether carboxylic derivatives surfactants with commercial name AKYPO ® , and the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), have been determined by applying the 24-h immobilization test with Daphnia magna (freshwater crustacea), the LumiStox ® 300 test which employs the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum of the strain Vibrio fischeri, and the 72-h algal growth-inhibition test with the microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum, using culture-growth inhibition as the effect criterion.Three AKYPO ® , with different alkyl chain and degree of ethoxylation, and LAS have been tested.For all tests, the results indicated that Vibrio fischeri is more sensitive to toxic effects from AKYPO ® and LAS than Daphnia magna or the microalgae.The results demonstrate that the toxicity is lower for the AKYPO ® with the shortest alkyl chain.The anionic surfactant LAS presents intermediate toxicity values.

Photobacterium phosphoreum

Daphnia magna

Selenastrum

Ecotoxicity

Luminescent bacteria

Linear alkylbenzene

10.2495/eco110431

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Citations (5)

Effect of Concentration on the Primary and Ultimate Biodegradation of Alkylpolyglucosides in Aerobic Biodegradation Tests

Water Environment Research (2011)

E. Jurado Mercedes Fernández‐Serrano J. Núñez‐Olea Manuela Lechuga José Jiménez

This study examines the primary and ultimate biodegradation of a non-ionic surfactant, an alkylpolyglucoside, in ready biodegradability tests. The surfactant concentration was tested by the anthrone method, while the ultimate biodegradation (mineralization) was analyzed by the total organic carbon determinations. The influence of the concentration on the extent of primary and ultimate biodegradation and the kinetics of degradation also were determined. The primary and ultimate biodegradation was studied at different initial concentrations-15, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L. The increasing concentration of test chemical from 15 to 100 mg/L resulted in a decrease in the relative maximum mineralization rate and longer estimated lag times by a factor of approximately 4.3. During the degradative process, two different stages were noted; these are better described with Quiroga and first-order kinetic models, respectively. For the study of the influence of concentration, the parameters characteristic of the biodegradation profiles in the different biodegradation assays were evaluated.

10.2175/106143010x12780288628336

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Citations (25)

FATTY SOILS REMOVAL FROM HARD SURFACES IN A CLEAN‐IN‐PLACE SYSTEM

Journal of Food Process Engineering (2009)

E. Jurado V. Bravo Rodríguez Rafael Bailón‐Moreno J. Núñez‐Olea Deisi Altmajer Vaz

ABSTRACT The kinetics of fatty soil removal from glass surfaces using nonionic biodegradable surfactants has been investigated. For this, mathematical models have been developed, which take into account the equilibrium established between the processes of soil removal from the substrate surface and their subsequent redeposition. The washing tests have been conducted in a continuous‐flow device that simulates the conditions found in the clean‐in‐place system used in the food industry. A mixture of fatty acids (oleic, palmitic and stearic) frequently found in foods, and particularly difficult to remove, was used as the soiling agent. The experimental results show the effect of the different variables assayed (temperature, soiling‐agent concentration and surfactant concentration) on the washing process. The good agreement between the experimental detergency values and those predicted by the kinetic model indicate that this is adequate to explain the detersive process on hard surfaces. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS In food industry, production lines are cleaned in place every day to provide the microbial quality and safety of the products. Moreover, the effectiveness of the cleaning process depends on many factors: temperature, detergent concentrations, hydrodynamic forces, characteristics of substrate, etc. In this work, we have studied the kinetics of the washing process using alkylpolyglucosides and fatty alcohol ethoxylates, both commercial surfactants. The tests were performed in a laboratory device that simulates the clean‐in‐place processes widely used in food industries. A mixture of fatty acids commonly found in foods was used as the soiling agent. A kinetic model assuming a process combining removal and deposition during the cleaning was developed. This model, which satisfactorily predicts the detergency data obtained under different experimental conditions, could be of great practical utility since it can help develop more effective detergent formulations.

Fatty alcohol

Stearic acid

Deposition

Cleaning agent

10.1111/j.1745-4530.2009.00527.x

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La planificación en el Área de Ingeniería Química

Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista de investigación y experiencias didácticas (2005)

G. Blázquez Mercedes Fernández Serrano Ana Isabel García López José Antonio Giménez Casares José Manuel Jiménez Castillo

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The effect of gradual dehydration on the thermal stability of a protein entrapped in a polymeric network

Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin transactions II (1995)

J. Núñez‐Olea José M. Sánchez‐Ruiz

We report a significant enhancement in protein thermal stability associated with the gradual dehydration of a polymeric gel (in which a model protein is entrapped) and point out some general implications suggested by this result.

Thermal Stability

Protein Stability

10.1039/p29950000643

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Optimization of Toxicity, Biodegradability, and Skin Irritation in Formulations Containing Mixtures of Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants Combined with Silica Nanoparticles

Toxics (2025)

Manuela Lechuga Mercedes Fernández‐Serrano J. Núñez‐Olea Juan Francisco Martínez Gallegos Francisco Ríos

Surfactants play a crucial role in various industrial applications, including detergents and personal care products. However, their widespread use raises concerns due to their potential environmental impact and health risks, particularly in aquatic ecosystems, where they can disrupt the balance of marine life and accumulate in water sources, posing challenges to sustainable development. This study investigates the environmental and health implications of anionic and nonionic surfactants, focusing on their toxicity, biodegradation, and skin irritation potential profiles, especially when combined with silica nanoparticles. Toxicity assessments were conducted using bacteria Vibrio fischeri for aquatic toxicity and Lepidium sativum seeds for terrestrial plant effects, revealing that individual surfactants like the anionic alkyl ether carboxylic acid EC-R12-14E3 exhibit high toxicity levels, while the nonionic fatty-alcohol ethoxylate FAE-R12-14E11 shows comparatively lower environmental impact. The toxicity of surfactant mixtures was analysed, revealing both antagonistic and synergistic effects depending on the surfactants used. The addition of silica nanoparticles generally mitigates the overall toxicity of surfactants, whether used individually or in mixtures. Biodegradation studies followed OECD 301E and 301F guidelines, indicating that individual surfactants generally meet or approach the mineralization threshold, whereas the addition of nanoparticles reduced biodegradation efficacy. Potential skin irritation was predicted through the zein number (ZN), finding that some surfactant combinations with silica nanoparticles reduce irritation levels, highlighting their potential for safer formulation in products that come into direct contact with the skin. Overall, the findings emphasize the need for careful selection of surfactant mixtures and nanoparticle integration to minimize environmental toxicity and potential skin irritation and increase their biodegradability.

Skin irritation

10.3390/toxics13010043

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Bath−Substrate−Flow Method for Evaluating the Detersive and Dispersant Performance of Hard-Surface Detergents

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (2003)

Jurado Bravo Bailón J. Núñez‐Olea Altmajer

A method has been formulated and tested in a laboratory device to evaluate the detersive and dispersant performance, as well as the washing dynamics, of surfactants and builders and the formulation of the detergent. The method, called bath−substrate flow (BSF), is based on the separation of the washing bath from the substrate to be washed after contact of the two by a cyclic-flow process. The method serves to analyze mechanical washing systems, such as dishwashers, tunnel washes, floor-washing machines, and industrial-scale cleaning systems. The circumscribed central compound experimental design was applied, as was the response surface method, to correlate the detergency values found.

10.1021/ie030122a

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Citations (23)

Primary Biodegradation of Commercial Fatty‐Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants: Characteristic Parameters

Journal of Surfactants and Detergents (2007)

E. Jurado Mercedes Fernández‐Serrano J. Núñez‐Olea Manuela Lechuga

Abstract This paper concerns the primary biodegradation of different commercial fatty‐alcohol ethoxylate surfactants (FAEs), applying the OECD 301 E test for ready biodegradability. Changes were made both in the carbon‐chain length of the surfactants as well as in the number of units of ethylene oxide (EO) in its molecule. The biodegradation were monitored, analysing the colony‐forming units (CFU) formed during this process. From the biodegradation profiles drawn for the FAEs, parameters characteristic of the biodegradation process were defined: latency time ( t L ), biodegradability at 50 h of assay ( B ), half‐life ( t 1/2 ), mean biodegradation rate until reaching biodegradability of 85% ( V M ), and the residual concentration of the surfactant ( S R ). The analysis of these parameters enabled the establishment of the influence of surfactant concentration and structure during the biodegradation process. The increase in the surfactant concentration lowered the rate of the biodegradation process and the biodegradability of the surfactant in addition to the half‐life and residual concentration of the surfactant. The mean biodegradation rate, V M , for fatty‐alcohol ethoxylates increased with the number of EO units and molecular weight of the surfactant. At low initial test concentrations (less than 25 mg/L), the concentration of the residual surfactant rapidly diminished with biodegradation time. For higher concentrations, after an adaptation period of the microorganisms, the surfactant concentration declined exponentially and the biodegradation rate became far slower for all the surfactants. The parameters characteristic of the growth curves: specific growth‐rate, k , and the yield of biomass production per gram of surfactant, Y ap , made possible the quantification and corroboration of the results during the biodegradation process.

Fatty alcohol

10.1007/s11743-007-1027-5

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Citations (28)

Self-assembly and protein stability

Nature (1994)

J. Núñez‐Olea José M. Sánchez‐Ruiz

10.1038/370105b0

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Citations (2)

Acute Toxicity of Alkylpolyglucosides to Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Microalgae: A Comparative Study

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2011)