Ecotoxicity of anionic surfactants AKYPO®
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In this paper, the toxicity values of ether carboxylic derivatives surfactants with commercial name AKYPO ® , and the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), have been determined by applying the 24-h immobilization test with Daphnia magna (freshwater crustacea), the LumiStox ® 300 test which employs the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum of the strain Vibrio fischeri, and the 72-h algal growth-inhibition test with the microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum, using culture-growth inhibition as the effect criterion.Three AKYPO ® , with different alkyl chain and degree of ethoxylation, and LAS have been tested.For all tests, the results indicated that Vibrio fischeri is more sensitive to toxic effects from AKYPO ® and LAS than Daphnia magna or the microalgae.The results demonstrate that the toxicity is lower for the AKYPO ® with the shortest alkyl chain.The anionic surfactant LAS presents intermediate toxicity values.Keywords:
Photobacterium phosphoreum
Daphnia magna
Selenastrum
Ecotoxicity
Luminescent bacteria
Linear alkylbenzene
The environmental impact of energetic substances (TNT, RDX, GAP, NC) in soil is being examined using ecotoxicity bioassays. An extraction method was characterized to optimize bioassay assessment of TNT toxicity in different soil types. Using the Microtox{trademark} (Photobacterium phosphoreum) assay and non-extracted samples, TNT was most acutely toxic (IC{sub 50} = 1--9 PPM) followed by RDX and GAP; NC did not show obvious toxicity (probably due to solubility limitations). TNT (in 0.25% DMSO) yielded an IC{sub 50} 0.98 + 0.10 (SD) ppm. The 96h-EC{sub 50} (Selenastrum capricornutum growth inhibition) of TNT (1. 1 ppm) was higher than GAP and RDX; NC was not apparently toxic (probably due to solubility limitations). Soil samples (sand or a silt-sand mix) were spiked with either 2,000 or 20,000 mg TNT/kg soil, and were adjusted to 20% moisture. Samples were later mixed with acetonitrile, sonicated, and then treated with CaCl{sub 2} before filtration, HPLC and ecotoxicity analyses. Results indicated that: the recovery of TNT from soil (97.51% {+-} 2.78) was independent of the type of soil or moisture content; CaCl{sub 2} interfered with TNT toxicity and acetonitrile extracts could not be used directly for algal testing. When TNT extracts were diluted to fixed concentrations, similarmore » TNT-induced ecotoxicities were generally observed and suggested that, apart from the expected effects of TNT concentrations in the soil, the soil texture and the moisture effects were minimal. The extraction procedure permits HPLC analyses as well as ecotoxicity testing and minimizes secondary soil matrix effects. Studies will be conducted to study the toxic effects of other energetic substances present in soil using this approach.« less
Ecotoxicity
Selenastrum
Photobacterium phosphoreum
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Ecotoxicity
Luminescent bacteria
Photobacterium phosphoreum
Photobacterium
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Ecotoxicity test approach of lubricants was investigated referring to the method of ecotoxicity test using luminescent bacteria in polluted water and soil.According to the standard of America ASTM D6081,lubricant samples were prepared based on principle and technology of water accommodated fraction(WAF)and water soluble fraction(WSF).Ecotoxicity test for several typical lubricants was done by using luminescent bacteria.The influence factors in ecotoxicity test were investigated,such as the exposure time of luminescent bacteria to lubricants and contrast poison-ous material,and the mixing time and speed of WAF.Results show that the ecotoxicity of lubricants can be tested by luminescent bacteria,and the method has advantages of good distinctiveness,convenience,economy and short period,etc.The mixing time has obvious effects on test result,and for a certain oil the test effect at 6 h is better than that at 3h.Different mixing speeds have almost same effect on ecotoxicity test,and 1 200 r/min is accommodated for the test.
Ecotoxicity
Luminescent bacteria
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Ecotoxicity
Photobacterium phosphoreum
Phytotoxicity
Total petroleum hydrocarbon
Bioaugmentation
Luminescent bacteria
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Selenastrum
Photobacterium phosphoreum
Ecotoxicity
Phytotoxicity
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Selenastrum
Photobacterium phosphoreum
Daphnia magna
Luminescent bacteria
Ceriodaphnia dubia
Ecotoxicity
Photobacterium
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The bioluminescence inhibition bioassay using marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri is widely used as a tool to assess the toxicity of chemical compounds, because of the many benefits comprising cost and time effectiveness, rapidness, sensitivity, and ease of operation. In addition, the test is used for various types of organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the insolubility of organic compounds in water, a suitable solubilizer should be applied. The ecotoxicity of the solvent should be negligible in relation to marine bacteria. On account of superior human activities the synthesis of new chemical substances is inextricably linked to the emergence of chemical compounds that are a potential threat on environment. A Microtox system utilizing the 81.9% Basic Test with 14 dilutions was applied to pre-evaluate the ecotoxicity of β-cyclocitral oxime, citronellal oxime and perillaldehyde oxime. Substances solutions with an initial concentration of 0.036% in DMSO were prepared. The preliminary results show that the studied scent compounds are characterized by quite high toxicity. In order to confirm the received ecotoxicity values, it is necessary to carry out additional surveys using another range of concentrations and biotests on organisms at each trophic level.
Ecotoxicity
Photobacterium phosphoreum
Luminescent bacteria
Citronellal
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Photobacterium phosphoreum
Luminescent bacteria
Selenastrum
Ecotoxicity
Ballast
Photobacterium
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to discuss the effect of the chemical structure of anionic and non‐ionic surfactants and surface activity on toxicity. Single and binary mixtures of three ether carboxylic derivative surfactants and three amine‐oxide‐based non‐ionic surfactants were used. Toxicity was determined using three test organisms: freshwater crustaceans ( Daphnia magna) , luminescent bacteria ( Vibrio fischeri) , and microalgae ( Selenastrum capricornutum) . The toxicity of surfactants is related to the hydrophobic alkyl chain, the degree of ethoxylation, and the critical micelle concentration of surfactants. Relationships found agreed with the fact that the lower toxicity is shown by the shorter alkyl chain. There is a strong relation between surface activity and toxicity: the toxicity increased as the CMC of the surfactant or mixtures of surfactants decreased. Commercial products are formulated using surfactants mixtures, so it is important to know their behavior using an easily measured property: the least toxic mixtures were formed by the surfactants having lower individual toxicity. Around the CMC, our data show a synergism for the binary mixtures. The results have given rise to a classification of the different surfactants and their mixtures according to the organism test, as safe, harmful or toxic. V. fischeri was in general the most sensitive microorganism to the toxic effect of the surfactants, followed by Daphnia magna , while Selenastrum capricornutum was more tolerant. These results can be useful for selecting technically efficient surfactants and their mixtures with a lower ecotoxicity on the aquatic environment.
Selenastrum
Daphnia magna
Luminescent bacteria
Ecotoxicity
Amine oxide
Photobacterium phosphoreum
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