Introduction: 'Visual Snow' phenomenon represents visual disturbances, which consist of small, dynamic, flickering dots present in both eyes, in the entire visual field, like the interference of static electricity, so-called 'snow' on the old, analog TVs. Symptoms occur constantly and can last for years. Objective parameters so that this phenomenon can be measured do not exist at the moment, so these people are often diagnosed simulation, psychiatric disorders or persistent migraine aura. Aim: To assess the prevalence of the 'visual snow' phenomenon in patients with migraine without aura, migraine with aura, and for people who do not have migraines. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 150 subjects of both genders, ages 18 to 60 years. Subjects were classified into 3 groups. The first group consisted of 50 patients with migraine with aura (MA), the other 50 patients with migraine without aura (MO), and the third 50 healthy subjects (ZK). The research was conducted with the interview, respondents were given 6 photos with signs characteristic of 'visual snow' syndrome. These groups were compared with each other by age, gender and the presence of visual symptoms characteristic of the 'visual snow' syndrome. Results: The frequency of 'visual snow' phenomenon did not differ significantly in compared groups (8% vs. 6% vs. 6%). Additional visual symptoms were significantly more frequent in groups MA and MO compared to the ZK, 'visual snow' in the dark (38% vs.32% vs. 14%), the presence of spots in the visual field (48% vs. 24% vs. 2%), the presence of 'blue field' entoptic phenomenon (20% vs. 10% vs. 4%), 'after image' of steady (18% vs. 16% vs. 0%) and movable object (12% vs. 10% vs. 2%). Additional visual symptoms were significantly more common in people with migraine, especially MA, compared to healthy subjects (68% vs. 54% vs. 22%). Conclusion: 'Visual snow' phenomenon occurs in about 7 % of people, equally often in those with migraine and without migraine. Other visual symptoms, such as 'visual snow' in the dark, palinopsia and entoptic phenomena, occur more frequently in patients with migraine (with and without aura), compared to people without migraines. Further studies are needed to understand the connection between these phenomena in the pathophysiology of migraine.
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an intraoral burning sensation for which no medical or dental cause can be found. Recent studies suggest that primary neuropathic dysfunction might be involved in the pathogenesis of BMS. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in the development of pain and serves as a biological marker of trigeminovascular activation. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of CGRP in the saliva of BMS patients and estimate the trigeminovascular activation in BMS. CGRP levels were measured, by RIA method in 78 BMS patients and 16 healthy subjects. The levels of CGRP were non‐significantly decreased in BMS patients in comparison to healthy subjects. These results suggest that trigeminal nerve degeneration may be the underlying cause of BMS.
Objective: Previous migraine studies have reported gray matter alterations in various cortical regions with conflicting results.This study aimed to explore a cortical morphometric difference in migraineurs with aura (MA) compared to healthy subjects (HS) and to delineate a possible difference between the cortical morphological features and different aura phenotypes.Materials and Methods: Forty-eight MA and 30 HS that were balanced by sex, age, and educational level were selected for this study.T2-weighted and three-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain were acquired using a 1.5T MRI scanner.Surface-based morphometry from the MRI data was used to identify differences between the MA and HS group, and then between MA subgroups.The MA group was subdivided into migraineurs who experienced only visual aura (MVA) and migraineurs who had visual, somatosensory and dysphasic symptoms (MVA+). Results:The MVA+ group had significantly reduced cortical surface area of the left rostral middle frontal cortex compared with the MVA group (p < 0.001).Migraine patients had significantly reduced volume of the left fusiform gyrus relative to HS (p < 0.001).Also, the sulcal depth increased at the level of the left temporal pole in the MVA+ group relative to the MVA group (p < 0.001).The vertex-by-vertex analysis did not exhibit any significant difference in cortical thickness between MA and HS, and between MVA+ and MVA, when corrected for multiple comparisons.Conclusion: Migraineurs with aura demonstrates different morphometric features from HS in multiple cortical regions.MVA+ have different morphometric features in the left frontal and temporal lobe relative to MVA, which could be a source of distinct symptoms and serve as potential biomarkers of different MA subtypes.
Introduction. Tolosa?Hunt syndrome (THS) is a rare entity, characterized by unilateral orbital pain associated with paresis of one or more of the oculomotor cranial nerves and caused by a granulomatous inflammation in the cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure or orbit. The low prevalence of THS with a broad spectrum of other disorders that could cause painful ophtalmoplegia resulted in a stricter diagnostic criteria of THS in the latest edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Current criteria require demonstration of granuloma by magnetic resonance imaging or biopsy. The diagnosis could be difficult and the initiation of treatment delayed due to a high variablity of clinical presentation of TSH. Reducing the number of patients that, based on clinical presentation, could be classified as having THS, but do not fullfil all diagnostic criteria further complicates establishing of correct diagnosis. Case report. Hereby we presented eight patients diagnosed with and treated for THS. Inspite the exclusion of other causes of painful ophtalmoplegia, granuloma could not be demonstrated in a half of patients. Clinical presentation of THS in patients with and without shown granuloma, did not significantly differ concerning headache characteristics (localization, intensity, quality, duration preceding cranial nerve palsy, response to steroids), the affected cranial nerve, disease course and response to the treatment, as well as types of diagnostic procedures that were performed in ruling out other diseases from the extensive differential diagnosis of painful ophthalmoplegia. Conclusion. There is no significant difference between the THS patients with and without demonstrated granuloma.
From the cohort of 240 patients with chronic headache with medication overuse (MOH), treated with drug withdrawal and prophylactic medications and evaluated at 1-year follow-up, 57.1% were without chronic headache and without medication overuse, 3.3% did not improve after drug withdrawal and 39.6% relapsed developing recurrent overuse (Cephalalgia 2007; 27:1219-25).
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of these patients.
During the next 1-12 years, follow-up examinations were performed in 201 (83.8%) patients. There were no significant differences between patients lost for further examination and other patients regarding age and gender, as well as the outcome on 1-year follow-up.
On the last follow-up, 66 (32.8%) patients had chronic headache with medication overuse. Without overuse were 130 (64.7%) patients with episodic and five (2.5%) patients with chronic headaches. During the follow-up period, 47 (23.4%) patients had relapsed developing recurrent overuse. The recurrent overuses occurred once in 33 (16.4%), twice in 13 (5.0%) and thrice in four (2.0%) patients. MOH recurrence occurred during the first three years after the first-year follow-up in three quarters of patients. The majority of patients, 33 (70.2%), overused the same medication. Treatment of MOH recurrence was efficacious in 93.6% patients, with strong advice to cease overused drug in 79.0% and prophylactics in 83.0% patients. During the examined period 20 (23.3%) of the patients with MOH on the first-year follow-up had remission of chronic headache with subsequent decrease of medication use.
No conflict of interest.
We present a prospective study of 240 patients with medication overuse headache (MOH) treated with drug withdrawal and prophylactic medications. At 1-year follow-up, 137 (57.1%) patients were without chronic headache and without medication overuse, eight (3.3%) patients did not improve after withdrawal and 95 (39.6%) relapsed developing recurrent overuse. Age at time of MOH diagnosis, regular use of benzodiazepines, frequency and Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) score of chronic headache, age at onset of primary headache, frequency and MIDAS score of primary headache, ergotamine compound overuse and daily drug intake were significantly different between successfully and unsuccessfully treated patients. Multivariate analysis determined the frequency of primary headache disorder, ergotamine overuse and disability of chronic headache estimated by MIDAS as independent predictors of treatment efficacy at 1-year follow-up.
The International Classification of Headache Disorders defines premonitory symptoms as symptoms preceding and forewarning of a migraine attack by 2-48 h, occurring before the aura in migraine with aura and before the onset of pain in migraine without aura. Prevalence rates of patients reporting one or more premonitory symptoms range between 33% and 79% in clinic-based studies.