The exchange reaction and dissociation dynamics of two O3 ⋅ NO van der Waals complexes upon vibrational excitation has been determined at two different internal energies from the results of quasiclassical trajectories. The dynamics for such complexes is found to resemble that for chemical reactions occurring under matrix isolation conditions and to be significantly different from the O3+NO bimolecular collision dynamics. Mode specificity is found for reaction, vibrational predissociation, and intermode energy transfer. Structure specificity is also observed for the van der Waals complexes. In most cases, the asymmetric stretching mode of O3 is found to be the most effective in promoting reaction. For predissociation and intermode energy transfer, the O3 bending mode is usually the most effective. We find that a five-step mechanism consisting of two non-RRKM reactions, a non-RRKM energy transfer step, and two RRKM steps is required to explain the overall reaction. Excitation of the hindered rotational of NO about the O3 symmetry axis is found to significantly influence the dynamics in that partitioning of less than 2% of the energy into such motion dramatically increases the predissociation rate and, by inference, the intermode energy transfer rate. Excitation of the NO vibrational mode is found to be much less effective in promoting reaction or vibrational predissociation on this potential-energy surface.
Ion electrosorption and insertion form the basis of two commercialized electrochemical energy storage technologies: electric double-layer capacitors and lithium ion batteries. These processes are also of interest for emerging applications in water treatment, critical element extraction, and neuromorphic computing. The kinetics of electrosorption and insertion are intimately related to the mechanical deformation of the host material. This Perspective discusses the following: (1) similarities and differences in the deformation response of materials due to ion electrosorption and insertion, (2) correlation between mechanical and electrochemical response via several operando techniques, and (3) how the understanding of deformation can guide the design of new electrosorption and ion insertion materials with faster kinetics.
Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) is a nozzle-less printing technique where a controlled amount of material is transferred from a thin film to a receiver substrate with each laser pulse. Conventionally, each laser pulse is directed to a different spot on the donor ink film as the donor substrate is moved together with the receiver surface after each pulse. In this letter, we demonstrate that it is possible to do the LIFT printing of industrial grade silver paste using multiple pulses on the same spot on the donor film due to the healing of the silver paste film. We modify the rheology of the silver paste by adding a lower viscosity solvent and show that the change in material rheology allows for printing in different regimes.
A solvent casting method of depositing amorphous chalcogenide materials has been developed. Films are characterized and applied to the tuning of mid-infrared photonic structures and waveguide fabrication through a combination of soft-lithography and microfluidics.
Laser direct-write patterning methods are traditionally limited by the diffraction limit to size scales several hundreds of nanometers at the minimum. In this work, we demonstrate a new method of laser based patterning that overcomes these limitations by taking advantage of near-field enhancement at the surface of dielectric microspheres. Polystyrene microspheres are trapped in CW Bessel beam laser traps above a polyimide surface. A second, pulsed ultraviolet laser gets focused through the bead, and produces nanometer scale features on the substrate. The full width, half maximum of the features generated by this technique is measured and analyzed along with Finite Difference Time Domain simulations to predict the effects of bead size and pulsed laser energy. It is demonstrated that using a 0.76 µm sphere to focus the processing laser results in spots with an average size of 130 nm and a standard deviation of 38 nm, showing that spots with sizes below the diffraction limit can be generated.Laser direct-write patterning methods are traditionally limited by the diffraction limit to size scales several hundreds of nanometers at the minimum. In this work, we demonstrate a new method of laser based patterning that overcomes these limitations by taking advantage of near-field enhancement at the surface of dielectric microspheres. Polystyrene microspheres are trapped in CW Bessel beam laser traps above a polyimide surface. A second, pulsed ultraviolet laser gets focused through the bead, and produces nanometer scale features on the substrate. The full width, half maximum of the features generated by this technique is measured and analyzed along with Finite Difference Time Domain simulations to predict the effects of bead size and pulsed laser energy. It is demonstrated that using a 0.76 µm sphere to focus the processing laser results in spots with an average size of 130 nm and a standard deviation of 38 nm, showing that spots with sizes below the diffraction limit can be generated.
Traditional white-light and fluorescent imaging techniques provide powerful methods to extract high-resolution information from two-dimensional (2-D) sections, but to retrieve information from a three-dimensional (3-D) volume they require relatively slow scanning methods that result in increased acquisition time. Using an ultra-high speed liquid lens, we circumvent this problem by simultaneously acquiring images from multiple focal planes. We demonstrate this method by imaging microparticles and cells flowing in 3-D microfluidic channels.
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