The Unites States of America was the only country that came through the World War with its fundamental principles of government unchanged. War necessitates a powerful and, in a parliamentary sense, irresponsible executive. Wars cannot be won by deliberate assemblies nor by executives harassed by such assemblies. That great national emergencies call for a dictator—a powerful and politically irresponsible executive—the Romans discovered two thousand years ago, and we of the twentieth century have re-discovered. To win the war France set up a dictator, and his name was Georges Clémenceau : to win the war, Great Britain set up a dictator, and his name was Lloyd-George; to win the war the United States set up a dictator, and his name was Woodrow Wilson. To have attempted to carry on government under old parliamentary forms would have been ruinous, for warfare requires quick and decisive action—the very thing deliberative assemblies lack. The proposition is submitted that a government based upon a separation of powers lends itself more readily to concentrated and politically irresponsible executive power than do other forms of government. The parliamentary system is essentially a union of powers. Its differentiating characteristic is an intimate relation between the executive and the legislative branches, a relation so intimate as to amount to union. The executive can at all times be questioned and criticised by the legislative, and can be brought to task for its political failures. That results in responsibility and responsiveness, two sound principles of government. But under the strain of war the parliamentary system of responsible government broke down.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of fluorescence polarization to monitor intracellular membrane changes during temperature acclimation. Correlation with lipid compositional and ultrastructural changesCharles E. Martin and Guy A. Thompson, Jr.Cite this: Biochemistry 1978, 17, 17, 3581–3586Publication Date (Print):August 22, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 22 August 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00610a025https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00610a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
This paper presents an outline of a theory of agency that seeks to integrate ongoing understanding, planning and activity into a single model of representation and processing. Our model of agency rises out of three basic pieces of work: Schank's structural model of memory organization (Schank, 1982), Hammond's work in case-based planning and dependency directed repair (Hammond, 1989d), and Martin's work in Direct Memory Access Parsing (Martin 1990). We see this paper as a first step in the production of a memory-based theory of agency: the active pursuit of goals in the face of a changing environment, that can exist within the computational constraints of a computer model.
Seven adults with ostium primum atrial septal defect (ASD) are presented. All but one patient were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis with the average age being 41 years. At catheterization each had a large, low ASD, left-to-right shunt, and a cleft mitral valve leaflet with minimal regurgitation. Pulmonary hypertension occurred in one. Six patients are asymptomatic an average of 3.5 years after surgical correction. One patient died of other causes at 18 months. Rapid decompensation secondary to arrhythmias or atrioventricular block occurs much more frequently with primum than with secundum ASDs, approaching 80% by age 45. Follow-up in this series suggests that surgical correction may prevent these developments.
Abstract Background Histotripsy is a novel, non-invasive, non-ionizing, and non-thermal ablation technique that disrupts tumors using acoustic cavitation. We report the first use of Histotripsy as bridging therapy prior to liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with histotripsy. Case presentation A 59-year-old woman presented with Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) cirrhosis (labMELD = 14), hepatic encephalopathy, and a single 2 cm OPTN V lesion in the left lateral segment consistent with HCC. The patient underwent histotripsy treatment of the lesion as bridging therapy before receiving liver transplantation. Histopathology analysis of the explanted liver showed total necrosis of the treated area, with no residual viable tissue tumor. Conclusion This case demonstrates the potential utility of histotripsy as an effective bridging therapy for patients with combined cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) awaiting liver transplantation, with complete tumor necrosis on explant pathology demonstrating its therapeutic efficacy.
