Proliferative bowel disease is an intestinal disorder of a variety of domestic animals associated with the presence of an intracellular Campylobacter-like organism (ICLO). We have identified the ICLO obtained from a ferret with proliferative colitis by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. In this ferret, proliferative bowel tissue containing the ICLO had translocated to the mesenteric lymph nodes, omentum, and liver. The 16S rRNA genes of the ICLO were amplified from an infected fragment of extraintestinal tissue by using universal prokaryotic primers. Approximately 1,480 bases of the amplified 16S rRNA gene were sequenced by cycle sequencing. Comparison of the sequence of the ICLO with those of over 400 bacteria in our data base indicated that the sequence of the ICLO was most closely related to that of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (87.5% similarity). Phylogenetic analysis with 12 Desulfovibrio species and 20 species from related genera placed the ICLO in a subcluster within the genus Desulfovibrio with D. desulfuricans and 5 other Desulfovibrio species. We will refer to this organism as the intracellular Desulfovibrio organism (IDO). Specific primers were produced for PCR amplification of a 550-base fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of the IDO in proliferative intestinal tissue samples. This unique 550-base segment was amplified from samples of frozen intestinal tissue from nine ferrets and three hamsters with ICLO-associated disease but not in four intestinal tissue samples from animals without the ICLO-associated disease. The 550-base amplified products from the bowel tissues of one hamster and one ferret were fully sequenced. The ferret IDO partial sequence was identical to the previously determined 16S rRNA sequence over its length, and the hamster IDO sequence differed by a single base. The same intracellular organism has been identified in proliferative intestinal tissues of swine and that the organism has been successfully maintained in tissue culture. The availability of specific primers for PCR-based detection of this intracellular Desulfovibrio organism will aid in the determination of its role in the pathogenesis of proliferative bowel disease in a variety of infected hosts.
Helicobacter mustelae, isolated from the stomachs of adult ferrets, appears to have a worldwide distribution. Ferrets are colonized with H. mustelae at a young age, usually 5–6 weeks; in our experience 100% of adult ferrets are colonized in both the antrum and the fundus. Gastric infection correlates with elevation of serum IgG antibodies to H. mustelae. In the oxyntic mucosa the presence of superficial gastritis coincides closely with the presence of H. mustelae. In the distal antrum the organism is associated with chronic inflammation occupying the full thickness of the mucosa. In addition to lesions seen in the distal antrum, focal glandular atrophy and regeneration are noted in the proximal antrum and transitional mucosa. Antibiotics used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in humans are also effective in eliminating H. mustelae from ferrets. H. mustelae-free ferrets do not become colonized with H. pylori when challenged orally; however, sparse colonization follows oral inoculation with a related gastric organism, "Helicobacter felis." Controlled studies of the pathophysiology of gastroduodenal disease induced by Helicobacter species can be performed in H. mustelae-infected ferrets and their H. mustelae-negative counterparts.
Since the rise of the automobile, mass transit systems have struggled to recover their costs via the farebox alone. This chapter outlines some of the strategies being employed by operators and governments around the world to cover the gap between the cost of running, maintaining and expanding a transit system, and the revenue earned through fares. It examines the key elements in creating internal efficiencies and then turns to the pros and cons of subsidies, earmarked taxes, forms of value capture, employer and developer charges and more. It also examines the political dimension of various revenue-raising instruments: some are more progressive than others; some are more controversial than others depending on the prevailing political culture; some will spread the burden while others focus it on beneficiaries.
Abstract Durch Addition eines in situ hergestellten Arins werden aus den Pyridonen (I) die Azabicyclo‐octenone (III) erhalten und durch zwei Reduktionsschritte in die Benzo‐azabicyclo‐octane (V) umgewandelt.
Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) are the causative agents of several malignancies. Like all herpesviruses, KSHV and EBV undergo distinct latent and lytic replication programmes. The transition between these states allows the establishment of a lifelong persistent infection, dissemination to sites of disease and the spread to new hosts. Latency-associated viral proteins have been well characterised in transformation and tumourigenesis pathways; however, a number of studies have shown that abrogation of KSHV and EBV lytic gene expression impairs the oncogenesis of several cancers. Furthermore, several lytically expressed proteins have been functionally tethered to the angioproliferative and anti-apoptotic phenotypes of virus-infected cells. As a result, the investigation and therapeutic targeting of KSHV and EBV lytic cycles may be essential for the treatment of their associated malignancies.
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