Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic non-infectious medical condition which is evident by raised levels of glucose in the blood, because the body cannot produce any or enough of the hormone insulin or use insulin effectively. Diabetes, if not well managed leads to complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy which can be fatal. Some of the factors that predisposes to diabetes include older age, higher body mass index, heredity and hypertension. With the availability of HAART for the managing HIV/AIDS infection, life span of persons living with HIV (PLWH) has increased significantly. With increased longevity, the aging population of PLWH also face chronic diseases such as diabetes in addition to HIV. The burden of both HIV and diabetes is high in South Africa, particularly in KwaZulu-Natal. Nevertheless, the prevalence of diabetes among PLWH in KwaZulu-Natal and its predictors is not well understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence, predictors of diabetes and the outcome of managing diabetes among PLWH.Methods: The study was conducted in four public health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal after ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. A pretested questionnaire and hospital patient charts were used to collect data. SPSS version was used to analyze the data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of diabetes among PLWH was 9%. This was higher than the prevalence of diabetes of 5.4% among the general population in South Africa. Just over 47% of those who had diabetes, had uncontrolled blood sugar, with a mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) of 11.7 mmol/L. The predictors of diabetes among PLWH were, male gender and older age. Male PLWH had 65% less chances of having diabetes and those who were between the ages of 18 and 48 years were 88% less probable to have diabetes compared to those who were older than 48 years.Conclusion: Public sector health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal need to do much more to manage diabetes in PLWH in order to prevent diabetic complications and possible negative impact on the outcome of HIV management.
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Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic non-infectious medical condition which is evident by raised levels of glucose in the blood, because the body cannot produce any or enough of the hormone insulin or use insulin effectively. Diabetes, if not well managed leads to complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy which can be fatal. Some of the factors that predisposes to diabetes include older age, higher body mass index, heredity and hypertension. With the availability of HAART for managing HIV/AIDS infection, life span of persons living with HIV (PLWHIV) has increased significantly. With increased longevity, the aging population of PLWHIV also face chronic diseases such as diabetes in addition to HIV. The burden of both HIV and diabetes is high in South Africa, particularly in KwaZulu-Natal. Nevertheless, the prevalence of diabetes among PLWHIV in KwaZulu-Natal and its predictors is not well understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence, predictors of diabetes and the outcome of managing diabetes among PLWHIV. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in four public health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal with a total sample size of 1203 after ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. A pretested questionnaire and hospital patient charts were used to collect data. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of diabetes among PLWHIV was 9%. Just over 47% of those who had diabetes, had uncontrolled blood sugar, with a mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) of 11.7 mmol/L. The predictors of diabetes among PLWHIV were, male gender and older age. Male PLWHIV had 65% less chances of having diabetes and those who were between the ages of 18 and 48 years were 88% less probable to have diabetes compared to those who were older than 48 years. Conclusion: Public sector health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal need to do much more to manage diabetes in PLWHIV in order to prevent diabetic complications and possible negative impact on the outcome of HIV management.
This investigation critically assesses the economic ramifications of the N-Power initiative on the income and savings behaviours of youth within the central senatorial district of Taraba State, Nigeria, a locale characterized by elevated levels of youth unemployment. Employing a quasi-experimental framework and survey data obtained through administration of Likert scale questionnaire via random sampling across diverse strata, subjected to linear regression analysis, the research compares the outcomes of program beneficiaries with those of non-beneficiaries. The results indicate a statistically significant positive association (coefficient: 1.4907, p < 0.001) between participation in the program and income levels, with beneficiaries realizing approximately 1.49 units of additional income compared to their non-beneficiary counterparts, while maintaining constant savings behavior. The analysis further reveals a marginal effect (0.0082) of savings on income, underscoring the program’s capacity to enhance participants’ potential to utilize savings for income generation, albeit the interaction term did not achieve statistical significance. The research culminates in the assertion that the N-Power program substantially elevates youth income and fosters improved savings behavior, thereby enhancing financial well-being and resonating with Sen’s Capability Approach by facilitating empowerment opportunities. To augment the impact of the program, the study recommends the implementation of financial literacy training and the establishment of collaborations with financial institutions to maximize savings and income outcomes, particularly for youth residing in rural areas.
Ponte Academic JournalMay 2020, Volume 76, Issue 5 PATIENT FACTORS AND IMMUNOLOGIC RECOVERY IN HIV MANAGEMENTAuthor(s): DAVID MOHAMMED UMAR ,Panjasaram NaidooJ. Ponte - May 2020 - Volume 76 - Issue 5 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2020.5.7 Abstract:CD4 cells are important component of the body�s defense mechanism, therefore CD4 cells count is an important indicator of immune function. Human immunodeficiency virus infection attacks the CD4 cells in the blood, causing their number to drop. When that happens, the person�s body cannot fight infections effectively. The individual then becomes vulnerable to attack by opportunistic infections. These infections occur more frequently and more severely in persons living with HIV (PLWH) than in the general population.\r\nHighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), when adhered to by PLWH, is capable of suppressing HIV viral replication, thereby reducing the viral population to �lower than detectable level� which eventually results in immunologic recovery and restoration of normal immune function as the number of CD4 cells increase to normal range.\r\nHowever, not all PLWH achieve immunologic recovery. There are factors that affect immunologic recovery. This study, with a sample size of 1203 PLWH, was aimed at determining patient factors which could affect immunologic recovery in PLWH on antiretroviral therapy in public health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal. Data was collected using questionnaire and hospital patient charts. 64% of the participants were female, 45.5% of had immunologic failure (CD4 cell count <200 cells/�L). CD4 cells count outcome was statistically significantly associated with gender, poor adherence to ART and baseline CD4 cells count. The probability of immunologic failure for those who did not strictly adhere to ART was more than 3 folds higher than those who adhered to ART; and the probability of immunologic failure was more than 8 folds higher for those who had baseline CD4 cells <200 cells/�L than those who had baseline CD4 cells ?200 cells/�L. These therefore affirm the absolute necessity of strict adherence to ART by PLWH as well as highlights the necessity of the WHO HIV treatment policy of �test and treat�.\r\nKey words: Patient, Immunologic, CD4, HIV, Factors, Failure, recovery Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password
Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic non-infectious medical condition which is evident by raised levels of glucose in the blood, because the body cannot produce any or enough of the hormone insulin or use insulin effectively. Diabetes, if not well managed leads to complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy which can be fatal. Some of the factors that predisposes to diabetes include older age, higher body mass index, heredity and hypertension. With the availability of HAART for managing HIV/AIDS infection, life span of persons living with HIV (PLWHIV) has increased significantly. With increased longevity, the aging population of PLWHIV also face chronic diseases such as diabetes in addition to HIV. The burden of both HIV and diabetes is high in South Africa, particularly in KwaZulu-Natal. Nevertheless, the prevalence of diabetes among PLWHIV in KwaZulu-Natal and its predictors is not well understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence, predictors of diabetes and the outcome of managing diabetes among PLWHIV. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted in four public health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal with a total sample size of 1203 after ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. A pretested questionnaire and hospital patient charts were used to collect data. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results The prevalence of diabetes among PLWHIV was 9%. Just over 47% of those who had diabetes, had uncontrolled blood sugar, with a mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) of 11.7 mmol/L. The predictors of diabetes among PLWHIV were male gender and older age. Male PLWHIV had 65% less chances of having diabetes and those who were between the ages of 18 and 48 years were 88% less probable to have diabetes compared to those who were older than 48 years. Conclusion Public sector health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal need to do much more to manage diabetes in PLWHIV in order to prevent diabetic complications and possible negative impact on the outcome of HIV management.
Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic non-infectious medical condition which is evident by raised levels of glucose in the blood, because the body cannot produce any or enough of the hormone insulin or use insulin effectively. Diabetes, if not well managed leads to complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy which can be fatal. Some of the factors that predisposes to diabetes include older age, higher body mass index, heredity and hypertension. With the availability of HAART for the managing HIV/AIDS infection, life span of persons living with HIV (PLWHIV) has increased significantly. With increased longevity, the aging population of PLWHIV also face chronic diseases such as diabetes in addition to HIV. The burden of both HIV and diabetes is high in South Africa, particularly in KwaZulu-Natal. Nevertheless, the prevalence of diabetes among PLWHIV in KwaZulu-Natal and its predictors is not well understood. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence, predictors of diabetes and the outcome of managing diabetes among PLWHIV. Methods: The study was conducted in four public health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal after ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. A pretested questionnaire and hospital patient charts were used to collect data. SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of diabetes among PLWHIV was 9%. This was higher than the prevalence of diabetes of 5.4% among the general population in South Africa. Just over 47% of those who had diabetes, had uncontrolled blood sugar, with a mean fasting blood sugar (FBS) of 11.7 mmol/L. The predictors of diabetes among PLWHIV were, male gender and older age. Male PLWHIV had 65% less chances of having diabetes and those who were between the ages of 18 and 48 years were 88% less probable to have diabetes compared to those who were older than 48 years. Conclusion: Public sector health care facilities in KwaZulu-Natal need to do much more to manage diabetes in PLWHIV in order to prevent diabetic complications and possible negative impact on the outcome of HIV management.
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