Abstract In view of the revived interest in sainfoin, an economic assessment of the prospects for an expansion of its area in Britain has been attempted. It is estimated that potentially it could be grown on 950 × 10 3 ha of the agricultural area of England and Wales, though it is unlikely in the near future that it would exceed 20 × 10 3 ha, even if economic conditions were favourable. Comparison of the energy and protein yields of sainfoin, red clover and lucerne under conservation management indicates that one of the attractions of sainfoin is its high protein content. However, an assessment of the costs of production and utilization of sainfoin indicate that, for it to be a more widely used legume, sustainable dry matter (DM) yields would need to be increased by 35% to about 11.5 × 10 3 kg DM ha −1 . At the same time, although growing sainfoin as a mixture with grass appears to improve the economic attractiveness of the crop, silage production costs (kg DM) −1 are still about 15% lower on pure grass swards. However, trials in the UK, Canada and Rumania have shown that, compared to current UK levels, sainfoin yields can be significantly increased.
Two instruments are described for the measurement of the reflection and transmission of radiation by grass leaves. The first of these was used to measure the spatial distribution of reflected and transmitted light. It was demonstrated that reflection was influenced by the epidermal structure of a leaf, and that the importance of this layer increased with increasing angle of incidence. The second instrument was used to compare the reflectance and transmittance of leaves of different ages taken from eight temperate grasses. There were significant differences between the grasses in leaf transmittance, and generally the young emerging leaf had a greater transmittance than the fully-expanded leaves. The differences in leaf transmittance could be related to differences in specific leaf weight. There were no significant differences between the species and varieties in leaf reflectance.
Experiments have been conducted to investigate the response of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in white clover to different concentrations of oxygen around the root. Over a wide range of oxygen concentrations (21–80 per cent) there was little variation in respiration and no evidence of damage to nitrogenase. It is suggested that, in the absence of respiratory protection, oxygen damage to nitrogenase is prevented by changes in the resistance to gaseous diffusion.
Journal Article Relationships between Senescence, Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Fixation and Seed Filling in Soya Bean Glycine max (L.) Merr Get access J. E. SHEEHY J. E. SHEEHY The Grassland Research InstituteMaidenhead, Berks SL6 5LR Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Annals of Botany, Volume 51, Issue 5, May 1983, Pages 679–682, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086515 Published: 01 May 1983 Article history Accepted: 26 November 1982 Published: 01 May 1983
The rates of canopy and individual leaf photosynthesis, rates of growth of shoots and roots, and the extinction coefficient for light of eight temperate forage grasses were determined in the field during early autumn. Canopy gross photosynthesis was calculated as net photosynthesis plus dark respiration adjusted for temperature using a Q10 = 2. The relationships between canopy gross photosynthesis and light intensity were hyperbolic, and the initial slopes of these curves indicated that light was being utilized efficiently at low light intensities. The initial slope depended on the distribution of light in the canopy and the quantum efficiency of the individual leaves. The maximum rate of canopy gross photosynthesis reflected the maximum rate of individual leaf photosynthesis. Although the maximum rate of canopy gross photosynthesis was correlated with crop growth rate, there was no significant relationship between daily gross photosynthesis and crop growth rate. Indeed, daily gross photosynthesis varied by only 22 per cent, whereas the daily growth of shoots and roots varied by 120 per cent. This poor correlation is influenced by a negative correlation (P < 0.01) between the maximum rate of canopy gross photosynthesis and the initial slope of the curve relating canopy gross photosynthesis and light intensity. Difficulties in the interpretation of measurements of dark respiration appeared to confound attempts to relate daily net photosynthesis to crop growth rate, individual leaf photosynthesis, and the extinction coefficient for light.