Background: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening condition that has been treated with anticoagulation for almost 50 years. Objectives: To review the current treatment options for PE and discuss recently published new features. Methods: We reviewed literature involving the treatment strategies for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and in particular pulmonary embolism. Specific attention was drawn towards the evidence of the present treatment and of drugs being studied in Phase III trials. Results/conclusions: Treatment of acute PE consists of parenteral administration of heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin or fondaparinux overlapped and followed by oral vitamin K antagonists for a minimum of 3 months. Contemporary features include the emergence of new anticoagulant drugs such as oral synthetic inhibitors of thrombin or factor Xa. The duration of anticoagulation for unprovoked VTE remains highly debated.
IntroductionCoronavirus disease (COVID‐19) is associated with a high incidence of thrombosis and mortality despite standard anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis. There is equipoise regarding the optimal dose of anticoagulant intervention in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 and consequently, immediate answers from high‐quality randomized trials are needed.MethodsThe World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform was searched on June 17, 2020 for randomized controlled trials comparing increased dose to standard dose anticoagulant interventions in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Two authors independently screened the full records for eligibility and extracted data in duplicate.ResultsA total of 20 trials were included in the review. All trials are open label, 5 trials use an adaptive design, 1 trial uses a factorial design, 2 trials combine multi‐arm parallel group and factorial designs in flexible platform trials, and at least 15 trials have multiple study sites. With individual target sample sizes ranging from 30 to 3000 participants, the pooled sample size of all included trials is 12 568 participants. Two trials include only intensive care unit patients, and 10 trials base patient eligibility on elevated D‐dimer levels. Therapeutic intensity anticoagulation is evaluated in 14 trials. All‐cause mortality is part of the primary outcome in 14 trials.DiscussionSeveral trials evaluate different dose regimens of anticoagulant interventions in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19. Because these trials compete for sites and study participants, a collaborative effort is needed to complete trials faster, conduct pooled analyses and bring effective interventions to patients more quickly.
About 2 to 2,5% of patients with venous thromboembolism suffer from a major bleed in the first 90 days of treatment with anticoagulation. Many predictors of hemorrhages have been identified, and include the stability of INRs, a bleeding history, cancer, chronic kidney disease and an advanced age. This knowledge may help care-providers to identify high-risk situations and to determine the best duration of treatment for their patients. Bleeding prediction rules for prevalent users of warfarin have not been validated for patients in venous thromboembolism, and their usefulness remains to be determined.
Venous thromboembolism, comprised of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is commonly found during or shortly after hospital stays. To prevent such events, processes of thromboprophylaxis have emerged for all types of inpatients through the use of low-dose anticoagulants (heparins or low-molecular-weight heparins). In this thesis, the evidence behind thromboprophylaxis in medical and obstetrical inpatients is reviewed, including my own research in these fields. While there are many differences between these populations, our approach remains very simplistic, with one similar treatment for all high-risk patients and no treatment for low-risk patients. Reflections on how to bring more granularity to medical thromboprophylaxis and stronger evidence to obstetrical thromboprophylaxis are discussed.
We discuss four topics among the angiology and hemostasis studies of importance in 2023. The BASIL-2 study provides new data for the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia by comparing surgical and endovascular treatment. The new classification of antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) syndrome integrates new clinical elements and gives a different weight among the isotype and titer of aPL. Concizumab, an antibody targeting the tissue factor pathway inhibitor, broadens the therapeutic arsenal for hemophilia A and B as evidenced by the results of the EXPLORER 7 study. The PREVENT-CLOT and CASTING study focus on the prevention of thrombosis after trauma, by testing the role of aspirin or the lack of thromboprophylaxis, respectively.