Under the changing climatic scenarios, sustaining agricultural production and enhancing input use efficiency is highly crucial to ensure food security in future. As crop productivity is considerably affected by soil characteristics such as soil organic carbon (SOC), nutrient availability, pH, salinity and soil moisture etc., thus their spatial variability needs to be assessed for site-specific and more efficient management. RS, GIS and GPS can be used quite successfully for assessing spatial variability in these properties. Recently with the advent of highly sophisticated sensors, it is possible to assess various soil properties by observing spectral reflectance in different wavelength bands and computing various spectral indices from the data recorded through satellite remote sensing. Spectral reflectance in different wavelength bands viz. visible, thermal and microwave etc. along with different spectral indices computed from spectral reflectance viz. normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), ratio vegetation index (RVI), soil moisture index (SMI), normalised difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference salinity index (NDSI) etc. are used to retrieve different soil properties from satellite data. Similarly, various spatial interpolation techniques viz. inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), radial basis function (RBF) and empirical bayes kriging (EBK) etc. are used for spatial interpolation of various soil characteristics. A critical review concluded that geospatial techniques can be used successfully for retrieval and spatial interpolation of various soil properties, which can be highly beneficial in site specific management leading to improved input use efficiency and sustained agricultural productivity for future food security.
Paper presented in Workshop on Transfer of Forage Production technologies, Organised under Indo- UK Collaborative Project on Forages at IGFRI, Jhansi, December 2-4, 1996.
Potassium scenario is changing day by day. Generally it is assumed that in the indo-gangetic plains of Punjab, Haryana potassium is in ample amount but latest reports revealed that potassium status starts declining because of it’s excess removal in the exhaustic cropping patteren. At Kapurthala district of Punjab, we analyzed 2026 soil samples in the soil and water testing lab of the Krishi Vigyan Kendra and it is reported around 65% of the samples falls in lower status (K<137.5 Kg/ha). In these fields, it is economical to go for Potash application @50 kg/ha. Thus, to demonstrate the effect of potash, we selected 19 fields where potash status is low and laid out our demonstration. The response of grain yield in the treated plots varied from 2.8 to 6.3% as compared to the control plots. Thus, it is strongly advised to apply potassium on the basis of the soil test reports to have the potential yield.
Corn has been the most used plant for the production of silage of high bromatological value, aiming at feeding dairy cows of medium to high productivity. Several techniques have been proposed to increase the productivity of crops and the bromatological quality of silages, including new agricultural practices in the implantation and management of crops and also new procedures during cutting and ensiling. In the present work, soil fertility, nutritional status, dry matter production, nutrient removal and chemical quality of maize destined for silage were evaluated in four high productivity crops. The evaluations were carried out in rural properties in the Zona da Mata Mineira, which intensively use the production of corn silage to feed dairy cows. Samplings for the evaluation of soil fertility, nutritional status and production and accumulation of nutrients were carried out systematically. In the female inflorescence emission phase, the leaf blade was analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents, systematically sampling seven areas of 3, 5 m2 each. When the aerial biomass of the plants presented an average of 33% of dry matter, the forage production of the crop was evaluated, sampling again, in the same areas used to evaluate the soil fertility and the nutritional status of the plants. The corn was cut at about 20 cm above the ground and the plant material was weighed and passed through a forage chopper. Subsamples of this material were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S contents. Soil fertility in the crops of the small rural properties assessed was medium to high, with phosphorus contents ranging from 10 to 20 mg dm- 3, while for potassium this variation ranged from 40 to 89 mg dm-3. In the soils of the four analyzed crops, there was no exchangeable aluminum in the 0 to 20 cm layer, and in the 20 to 40 cm layer, aluminum saturation in crops 1 and 3 was also small, less than 5%. It was found that all crops had adequate mineral nutrition for both macros and micronutrients. The production of dry matter and nutrient accumulation in the aerial biomass of maize in the crops were high. The average value of dry matter accumulation was close to 20.0 t per hectare, and the average removal of nutrients, by harvesting the aerial part of the corn for silage, was 247, 34, 245, 34, 23 and 22 kg per hectare for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and sulfur, respectively. The average values of crude protein, NDF, ADF, lignin and starch were, respectively, in g kg-1, 78; 460; 258; 40 and 277, characterizing forage of good bromatological quality.