Removal of nutrients and bromatological quality of corn in high productivity crops
Mauro Wagner de OliveiraRajan BhattJerónimo Barbosa LessaDalmo de Freitas SantosWesley Oliveira de AssisTúlio Menezes Tenório
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Abstract:
Corn has been the most used plant for the production of silage of high bromatological value, aiming at feeding dairy cows of medium to high productivity. Several techniques have been proposed to increase the productivity of crops and the bromatological quality of silages, including new agricultural practices in the implantation and management of crops and also new procedures during cutting and ensiling. In the present work, soil fertility, nutritional status, dry matter production, nutrient removal and chemical quality of maize destined for silage were evaluated in four high productivity crops. The evaluations were carried out in rural properties in the Zona da Mata Mineira, which intensively use the production of corn silage to feed dairy cows. Samplings for the evaluation of soil fertility, nutritional status and production and accumulation of nutrients were carried out systematically. In the female inflorescence emission phase, the leaf blade was analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents, systematically sampling seven areas of 3, 5 m2 each. When the aerial biomass of the plants presented an average of 33% of dry matter, the forage production of the crop was evaluated, sampling again, in the same areas used to evaluate the soil fertility and the nutritional status of the plants. The corn was cut at about 20 cm above the ground and the plant material was weighed and passed through a forage chopper. Subsamples of this material were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S contents. Soil fertility in the crops of the small rural properties assessed was medium to high, with phosphorus contents ranging from 10 to 20 mg dm- 3, while for potassium this variation ranged from 40 to 89 mg dm-3. In the soils of the four analyzed crops, there was no exchangeable aluminum in the 0 to 20 cm layer, and in the 20 to 40 cm layer, aluminum saturation in crops 1 and 3 was also small, less than 5%. It was found that all crops had adequate mineral nutrition for both macros and micronutrients. The production of dry matter and nutrient accumulation in the aerial biomass of maize in the crops were high. The average value of dry matter accumulation was close to 20.0 t per hectare, and the average removal of nutrients, by harvesting the aerial part of the corn for silage, was 247, 34, 245, 34, 23 and 22 kg per hectare for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and sulfur, respectively. The average values of crude protein, NDF, ADF, lignin and starch were, respectively, in g kg-1, 78; 460; 258; 40 and 277, characterizing forage of good bromatological quality.Keywords:
Silage
Fodder
1. High and low dry-matter silages were fed to fattening bullocks on the self-feed system giving daily live-weight increases per head per day of 2·6 lb. and 1·7lb. respectively, over a feeding period of 10 weeks. 2. Chemical data on the composition of a low dry-matter silage and high dry-matter silage are presented. 3. Digestibility studies using sheep were carried out to obtain the starch equivalent values of the two types of silage. The starch equivalent of the high dry-matter silage was 12·4 while that of the low dry-matter silage was 9·9. This difference in starch equivalent explains the extra 0·9 lb. per head per day live-weight increase made by the bullocks on the high dry-matter silage. 4. Mineral balances were carried out. The results show that the low dry-matter silage would supply an inadequate amount of calcium for satisfactory production.
Silage
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In the present study seven locally available advance lines of sorghum were investigated for their performance in term of forage material and nutritional profile of dry matter. The genotypes Hegari, Noor, F-214, JS-2002, F-207, PC-1 and F- 9917 were compared in randomized complete block design. The significant variations in fresh and dry forage material as well as their nutritional values were noted among the genotypes. The genotype Hegari was the best performer for forage material and next to follow was Noor. The genotypes Hegari produced dry matter (22.53 t ha -1 ) with crude protein (8.29 %) and ash contents (9.60). Furthermore, its dry matter has the lowest value for crude fibre. The higher values produced by Hegari for more dry matter and nutritive values can be attributed to higher leaf area. The genotypes F-214 and F-9917 had been very poor for crude protein and ash contents, respectively. The genotype F-9917 must not be recommended for forage purposes due to its lower ash and higher crude fibre contents in dry matter. Taking a better variety in respect to dry matter and nutritional contents, the Hegari should be preferred over the tested varieties for forage purpose.
Neutral Detergent Fiber
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The results of nineteen digestibility trials with sheep on different silages have been reported. From these data and from the results of forty trials with sheep carried out by Watson (15) it has been shown that Lancaster's method of calculating feed intake (9) can be applied to silages when the crude protein content is within the range studied (9–24% of the dry matter). For silages in this category, no advantage has been found in taking the nitrogen content of the silage dry matter into account in calculating feed intake. The digestibility of crude protein and Lancaster's‘constant’have both been correlated with the crude protein content of the silage dry matter for the fifty‐nine trials considered (r = 0.767 and r = 0.452 respectively). Although it has been found unnecessary to take the protein content of silage into account in calculating dry matter intake when feeds containing 9.24% crude protein in the dry matter are used, evidence is presented which indicates that this factor is of considerable importance when herbage of low protein content is fed. The equation, image which has been derived from the silage data considered, has been found to be valid when compared with the results of trials with fresh herbage and well preserved hays of low protein content. The results of this work indicate that Lancaster's method is a suitable one for estimating the feed intake of animals engaged in self feeding of silage, provided the silage has been well preserved.
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Data on the chemical composition of sorghum fodder harvested at 10-day intervals between 50 and 100 days after sowing (DAS) are given. Fresh fodder, DDM and CP yields were highest in crops harvested 70 DAS, while DM yield increased up to 100 DAS
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Abstract Ten years of corn silage yield trials were used to calculate regressions of fresh silage and silage dry matter yields on maturity. Fresh silage yields of late hybrids were considerably higher than those of early hybrids. However, dry matter yields of the early hybrids were nearly as high as those of the late entries. Thus harvest and storage costs per unit of dry matter production would be higher for the late hybrids. Greater dry matter storage losses also would be expected from silage made from the late hybrids. Finally, silage made from early hybrids has a higher feeding value, primarily because an animal can consume more pounds of dry matter per day of dry silage than of wet. For these reasons, in areas where early maturity is a major consideration it is suggested that hybrids used for silage should be fully as early as the best adapted grain hybrids for that region.
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1. A feeding trial is described including four groups of cattle fed on silage only, two mixtures of silage and roots, and roots, straw, hay and oats. 2. The live-weight gains made are recorded together with the rate of dry-matter intake. 3. The efficiency of the dry matter of the diets was calculated. 4. Silage fed alone produced a significantly greater rate of fattening than the other three diets. 5. Cattle receiving roots in the morning and silage at night consumed 10·78% more dry matter and made greater live-weight gains than cattle fed on silage in the morning and roots at night. 6. Calculation of the starch values of the roots and silage showed that these are higher when fed together than when silage is fed alone or when roots are fed with straw, hay and oats. 7. An experiment is described designed to determine the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants and of sudden changes in dry-matter content on digestibility. 8. Sheep receiving 19·46% dry-matter silage consumed 16·7% more dry matter and 19·8% more starch equivalent than sheep eating 15·85% dry-matter silage. 9. When the dry-matter percentage of the silage fell from 19·46 to 15·77 the digestibility of the dry matter fell by over 10%. 10. The starch equivalent of the silage when fed alone was determined from the results of a digestibility trial and according to the performance of the cattle in the feeding trial. The values found were 65·88 and 66·15% respectively. 11. The losses suffered in silage-making in twentyfive silos are recorded and discussed. The loss of dry matter and crude protein both average approximately 40% of that ensiled. The need for finding methods of reducing these losses is again stressed.
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The results are given of an investigation of the successful production, and of the chemical composition and feeding value, of maize silage made from early maturing varieties of hybrid maize grown for three consecutive years in the south of England. The maize was ensiled at a stage when the cob contributed approximately 50% of the total crop and the dry-matter content of the crop varied from 16·3 to 27·2%. The mean crude protein content of the dry matter of the silage was 9·5% (range 7·9–11·2%). Average weight losses in the silo were fresh matter 25%, dry matter 30%, crude protein 25%, and soluble carbohydrates 40%. In three controlled feeding trials with cows and heifers in milk, maize silage was found to be equal in nutritive value to a ration of mangolds and oat and tare silage when fed on an equal dry-matter basis. The silage was very palatable and a daily ration of 50 lb. was consumed. It is concluded that although maize silage compares favourably with an average crop of cereal -legume silage in feeding value, its adoption on a wide scale cannot be recommended in view of the relatively low yield of dry matter per acre, the high costs of production and the appreciable silo
Silage
Information silo
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The relative nutritive value of male sterile corn silage (23.7% dry matter) and regular corn silage (26.5% dry matter) was determined with lactating dairy cows during three consecutive crop years. The regular corn hybrid had 25% of the kernels removed by black birds prior to harvesting. Grain was fed according to milk production (1 kg/2.75 kg milk) and silage was offered ad libitum as the only forage. Dry matter, soluble carbohydrate and insoluble nitrogen percentages were lower while crude protein and acid detergent fiber levels were higher in the male sterile corn silage. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen and energy determined with sheep were not different between silages. Silage dry matter intake and total dry matter intake were higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed regular corn silage in only one of the three trials. Actual milk, 4% fat-corrected milk yields and milk fat and protein percentages were not affected by silage treatment. Key words: Male sterile corn, silage, dairy cows
Silage
Neutral Detergent Fiber
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Three silage experiments were conducted in Uppsala, Sweden, with the objective of determining the physical impact of different harvesting machines on the forage and on silage fermentation. Experiments were also conducted to investigate whether the application of water or a solution of surfactants to cut or long grass could compensate for the lack of released cell contents and lead to a fermentation pattern comparable to that of precision-chopped (PC) forage. Forage chopped by different machines to almost equal median particle length (23-29 mm) produced silage of very different quality, probably because of different degrees of tissue disruption. Forage chopped in a cutter head (CUT) or by a forage wagon (FW) resulted in silage with high clostridial activity and low lactic acid formation in contrast to PC forage, which produced high quality silage without butyric acid. An increase in silage density from 107 to 182 kgDM m-3
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Twenty seven genotypes were studied under multicut system of fodder production. Interrelationship among various characters indicated that green fodder yield had high positive and significant correlation with plant height, culm girth, leaf length-width ratio and dry matter yield at first cut while in second cut culm girth and dry matter yield were found to be positively and significantly correlated with green fodder yield. Path analysis revealed that plant height, tillers/metre and leaves/tiller had positive direct effect on green fodder as well as dry matter yield in the first cut while in second cut only plant height had strong direct effect on green fodder as well as dry matter yield,
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